Background
It is commonly accepted that pregnancy‐related physiological changes (circulatory, respiratory, and locomotor) negatively influence the daily physical activity of pregnant women.
...Objectives
The aim of this study is to conduct a meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for assessing the effectiveness of physical exercise interventions during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus and excessive maternal weight gain.
Search strategy
Keywords were used to conduct a computerised search in six databases: Cochrane Library Plus, Science Direct, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Selection criteria
Healthy pregnant women who were sedentary or had low levels of physical activity were selected for RCTs that included an exercise programme.
Data collection and analysis
Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies. Of 4225 articles retrieved, 13 RCTs (2873 pregnant women) met the inclusion criteria. Pooled relative risk (RR) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) (depending on the outcome measure) were calculated using a random‐effects model.
Main results
Overall, physical exercise programmes during pregnancy decreased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (RR = 0.69; P = 0.009), particularly when the exercise programme was performed throughout pregnancy (RR = 0.64; P = 0.038). Furthermore, decreases were also observed in maternal weight (WMD = −1.14 kg; 95% CI −1.50 to −0.78; P < 0.001). No serious adverse effects were reported.
Conclusion
Structured moderate physical exercise programmes during pregnancy decrease the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and diminish maternal weight gain, and seem to be safe for the mother and the neonate; however, further studies are needed to establish recommendations.
Tweetable
Exercise programmes decreased the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and excessive weight gain.
An important step in structure-based drug design consists in the prediction of druggable binding sites. Several algorithms for detecting binding cavities, those likely to bind to a small drug ...compound, have been developed over the years by clever exploitation of geometric, chemical and evolutionary features of the protein.
Here we present a novel knowledge-based approach that uses state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks, where the algorithm is learned by examples. In total, 7622 proteins from the scPDB database of binding sites have been evaluated using both a distance and a volumetric overlap approach. Our machine-learning based method demonstrates superior performance to two other competitive algorithmic strategies.
DeepSite is freely available at www.playmolecule.org. Users can submit either a PDB ID or PDB file for pocket detection to our NVIDIA GPU-equipped servers through a WebGL graphical interface.
gianni.defabritiis@upf.edu.
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Recent studies have demonstrated the impact of diet on microbiota composition, but the essential need for the optimization of production rates and costs forces farms and aquaculture production to ...carry out continuous dietary tests. In order to understand the effect of total fishmeal replacement by vegetable-based feed in the sea bream (Sparus aurata), the microbial composition of the stomach, foregut, midgut and hindgut was analysed using high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing, also considering parameters of growth, survival and nutrient utilisation indices.A total of 91,539 16S rRNA filtered-sequences were analysed, with an average number of 3661.56 taxonomically assigned, high-quality sequences per sample. The dominant phyla throughout the whole gastrointestinal tract were Actinobacteria, Protebacteria and Firmicutes. A lower diversity in the stomach in comparison to the other intestinal sections was observed. The microbial composition of the Recirculating Aquaculture System was totally different to that of the sea bream gastrointestinal tract. Total fishmeal replacement had an important impact on microbial profiles but not on diversity. Streptococcus (p-value: 0.043) and Photobacterium (p-value: 0.025) were highly represented in fish fed with fishmeal and vegetable-meal diets, respectively. In the stomach samples with the vegetable diet, reads of chloroplasts and mitochondria from vegetable dietary ingredients were rather abundant. Principal Coordinate Analysis showed a clear differentiation between diets in the microbiota present in the gut, supporting the presence of specific bacterial consortia associated with the diet.Although differences in growth and nutritive parameters were not observed, a negative effect of the vegetable diet on the survival rate was determined. Further studies are required to shed more light on the relationship between the immune system and sea bream gastrointestinal tract microbiota and should consider the modulation of the microbiota to improve the survival rate and nutritive efficacy when using plant-based diets.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and one of the major causes of disability and dependency in older people. Accumulating evidences link gut microbiota with different ...diseases and its relationship with neurodegenerative diseases is becoming most intriguing. This study was aimed to compare the gut microbiota of transgenic APP/PS1 (TG) mice, a well‐established deterministic mouse model of AD, with their C57BL/6 wild‐type (WT) littermates. Faecal samples were collected from 3‐, 6‐ and 24‐month‐old mice and analysed by pyrosequencing of the V1–V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Bacterial profiles were similar in all young mice (3 months old), and started to diverge so that 6‐month‐old WT and TG mice had different and more diverse microbiota. During ageing, Turicibacteriaceae (typical mice bacterial group) and Rikenellaceae increased in all groups, although total Bacteroidetes remained stable. TG mice were characterized by an increase in Proteobacteria after 6 months, particularly the genus Sutterella (Betaproteobacteria), interestingly also increased in autism disorder. Also, the inflammation related family Erysipelotrichaceae was more abundant in TG mice at 24 months compared to wild‐type control. In summary, AD pathology in mice shifts the gut microbiota towards profiles that share features with autism and inflammatory disorders.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease and neuroinflammation in the central nervous system appears to have a pivotal role. Using the transgenic APP/PS1 (TG) mouse model, we successfully characterized how AD pathology shifted gut microbiota composition during ageing towards an inflammation related bacterial profile related to Proteobacteria and Erysipelotrichaceae and suggest that these changes could contribute to disease progression and severity. Microbiota‐targeted interventions could therefore represent a strategy to postpone disease symptoms.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease and neuroinflammation in the central nervous system appears to have a pivotal role. Using the transgenic APP/PS1 (TG) mouse model, we successfully characterized how AD pathology shifted gut microbiota composition during ageing towards an inflammation related bacterial profile related to Proteobacteria and Erysipelotrichaceae and suggest that these changes could contribute to disease progression and severity. Microbiota‐targeted interventions could therefore represent a strategy to postpone disease symptoms.
Aims/hypothesis
The Di@bet.es Study is the first national study in Spain to examine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation.
Methods
A population-based, cross-sectional, cluster ...sampling study was carried out, with target population being the entire Spanish population. Five thousand and seventy-two participants in 100 clusters (health centres or the equivalent in each region) were randomly selected with a probability proportional to population size. Participation rate was 55.8%. Study variables were a clinical and demographic structured survey, lifestyle survey, physical examination (weight, height, BMI, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure) and OGTT (75 g).
Results
Almost 30% of the study population had some carbohydrate disturbance. The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus adjusted for age and sex was 13.8% (95% CI 12.8, 14.7%), of which about half had unknown diabetes: 6.0% (95% CI 5.4, 6.7%). The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates of isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and combined IFG–IGT were 3.4% (95% CI 2.9, 4.0%), 9.2% (95% CI 8.2, 10.2%) and 2.2% (95% CI 1.7, 2.7%), respectively. The prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation increased significantly with age (
p
< 0.0001), and was higher in men than in women (
p
< 0.001).
Conclusions/interpretation
The Di@bet.es Study shows, for the first time, the prevalence rates of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in a representative sample of the Spanish population.
The 1925 El Niño (EN) event was the third strongest in the twentieth century according to its impacts in the far-eastern Pacific (FEP) associated with severe rainfall and flooding in coastal northern ...Peru and Ecuador in February–April 1925. In this study we gathered and synthesised a large diversity of in situ observations to provide a new assessment of this event from a modern perspective. In contrast to the extreme 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 events, this very strong “coastal El Niño” in early 1925 was characterised by warm conditions in the FEP, but cool conditions elsewhere in the central Pacific. Hydrographic and tide-gauge data indicate that downwelling equatorial Kelvin waves had little role in its initiation. Instead, ship data indicate an abrupt onset of strong northerly winds across the equator and the strengthening/weakening of the intertropical convergence zones (ITCZ) south/north of the equator. Observations indicate lack of external atmospheric forcing by the Panama gap jet and the south Pacific anticyclone and suggest that the coupled ocean–atmosphere feedback dynamics associated with the ITCZs, northerly winds, and the north–south SST asymmetry in the FEP lead to the enhancement of the seasonal cycle that produced this EN event. We propose that the cold conditions in the western-central equatorial Pacific, through its teleconnection effects on the FEP, helped destabilize the ITCZ and enhanced the meridional ocean–atmosphere feedback, as well as helping produce the very strong coastal rainfall. This is indicated by the nonlinear relation between the Piura river record at 5°S and the SST difference between the FEP and the western-central equatorial Pacific, a stability proxy. In summary, there are two types of EN events with very strong impacts in the FEP, both apparently associated with nonlinear convective feedbacks but with very different dynamics: the very strong warm ENSO events like 1982–1983 and 1997–1998, and the very strong “coastal” EN events like 1925.
Background: Transsexual persons afford a very suitable model to study the effect of sex steroids on uric acid metabolism.
Design: This was a prospective study to evaluate the uric acid levels and ...fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) in a cohort of 69 healthy transsexual persons, 22 male-to-female transsexuals (MFTs) and 47 female-to-male transsexuals (FMTs). The subjects were studied at baseline and 1 and 2 yr after starting cross-sex hormone treatment.
Results: The baseline levels of uric acid were higher in the MFT group. Compared with baseline, uric acid levels had fallen significantly after 1 yr of hormone therapy in the MFT group and had risen significantly in the FMT group. The baseline FEUA was greater in the FMT group. After 2 yr of cross-sex hormone therapy, the FEUA had increased in MFTs (P = 0.001) and fallen in FMTs (P = 0.004). In MFTs, the levels of uric acid at 2 yr were lower in those who had received higher doses of estrogens (P = 0.03), and the FEUA was higher (P = 0.04). The FEUA at 2 yr was associated with both the estrogen dose (P = 0.02) and the serum levels of estradiol-17β (P =0.03). In MFTs, a correlation was found after 2 yr of therapy between the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and the serum uric acid (r = 0.59; P = 0.01).
Conclusions: Serum levels of uric acid and the FEUA are altered in transsexuals as a result of cross-sex hormone therapy. The results concerning the MFT group support the hypothesis that the lower levels of uric acid in women are due to estrogen-induced increases in FEUA.
Fossil fuel energy resources are becoming increasingly scarce. Given the negative environmental impacts (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions) that accompany their use, it is hardly surprising that the ...development of renewable energies has become a major priority in the world today. Andalusia, with a mean solar radiation of 4.75kWh/m2 per day and a surface area of 87,597km2, is the region in Europe with the highest solar energy potential. This research study determined the solar energy potential in Andalusia for grid-connected photovoltaic systems installed on residential rooftops. A methodology was developed for this purpose, which first involved a description of building characteristics, followed by the calculation of the useful roof surface area where photovoltaic arrays could be installed. In the next phase of the study, the mean solar irradiation characteristics were defined as well as the technical parameters of the photovoltaic systems. All of these factors allowed us to estimate the amount of electricity that could be potentially generated per year by solar panels.
Electron capture in stars Langanke, K; Martínez-Pinedo, G; Zegers, R G T
Reports on progress in physics,
06/2021, Letnik:
84, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Electron captures on nuclei play an essential role for the dynamics of several astrophysical objects, including core-collapse and thermonuclear supernovae, the crust of accreting neutron stars in ...binary systems and the final core evolution of intermediate mass stars. In these astrophysical objects, the capture occurs at finite temperatures and at densities at which the electrons form a degenerate relativistic electron gas. The capture rates can be derived in perturbation theory where allowed nuclear transitions (Gamow-Teller transitions) dominate, except at the higher temperatures achieved in core-collapse supernovae where forbidden transitions also contribute significantly to the rates. There has been decisive progress in recent years in measuring Gamow-Teller (GT) strength distributions using novel experimental techniques based on charge-exchange reactions. These measurements provide not only data for the GT distributions of ground states for many relevant nuclei, but also serve as valuable constraints for nuclear models which are needed to derive the capture rates for the many nuclei for which no data yet exist. In particular models are needed to evaluate the stellar capture rates at finite temperatures, where the capture can also occur on thermally excited nuclear states. There has also been significant progress in recent years in the modelling of stellar capture rates. This has been made possible by advances in nuclear many-body models as well as in computer soft- and hardware. Specifically, to derive reliable capture rates for core-collapse supernovae, a dedicated strategy has been developed based on a hierarchy of nuclear models specifically adapted to the abundant nuclei and astrophysically conditions present at the various collapse conditions. In particular, for the challenging conditions where the electron chemical potential and the nuclear $Q$ values are of the same order, large-scale diagonalization shell model calculations have been proven as an appropriate tool to derive stellar capture rates, often validated by experimental data. Such situations are relevant in the early stage of the core collapse of massive stars, for the nucleosynthesis of thermonuclear supernovae as well for the final evolution of the cores of intermediate-mass stars, involving nuclei in the mass range $A \sim 20$--65. This manuscript reviews the experimental and theoretical progress achieved recently in deriving stellar electron capture rates. It also discusses the impact these improved rates have on the various astrophysical objects.
The kilonova emission observed following the binary neutron star merger event GW170817 provided the first direct evidence for the synthesis of heavy nuclei through the rapid neutron capture process ...(r process). The late-time transition in the spectral energy distribution to near-infrared wavelengths was interpreted as indicating the production of lanthanide nuclei, with atomic mass number A≳140. However, compelling evidence for the presence of even heavier third-peak (A≈195) r-process elements (e.g., gold, platinum) or translead nuclei remains elusive. At early times (∼days) most of the r-process heating arises from a large statistical ensemble of β decays, which thermalize efficiently while the ejecta is still dense, generating a heating rate that is reasonably approximated by a single power law. However, at later times of weeks to months, the decay energy input can also possibly be dominated by a discrete number of α decays, ^{223}Ra (half-life t_{1/2}=11.43 d), ^{225}Ac (t_{1/2}=10.0 d, following the β decay of ^{225}Ra with t_{1/2}=14.9 d), and the fissioning isotope ^{254}Cf (t_{1/2}=60.5 d), which liberate more energy per decay and thermalize with greater efficiency than β-decay products. Late-time nebular observations of kilonovae which constrain the radioactive power provide the potential to identify signatures of these individual isotopes, thus confirming the production of heavy nuclei. In order to constrain the bolometric light to the required accuracy, multiepoch and wideband observations are required with sensitive instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope. In addition, by comparing the nuclear heating rate obtained with an abundance distribution that follows the solar r abundance pattern, to the bolometric lightcurve of AT2017gfo, we find that the yet-uncertain r abundance of ^{72}Ge plays a decisive role in powering the lightcurve, if one assumes that GW170817 has produced a full range of the solar r abundances down to mass number A∼70.
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