This paper presents the framework used by the OECD for defining and measuring well‐being, developed as part of the OECD Better Life Initiative launched in 2011. This framework measures well‐being by ...considering 11 dimensions covering both current material conditions and quality of life, while also recognizing the importance of taking account the sustainability of well‐being in the future. This framework has been populated with indicators for each dimension, whose selection has relied on international standards on measurement and was made in consultation with experts and National Statistical Offices of OECD countries. The paper also discusses the pros and cons of various approaches for presenting and disseminating information on multidimensional well‐being to different audiences—including the OECD Better Life Index, an interactive web tool. The paper concludes by illustrating the progress made in developing measures of well‐being and outlines the statistical agenda ahead to improve existing indicators and develop new ones.
Das BIP ist zwar der bekannteste und gebräuchlichste Wirtschaftsindikator, es kann aber nicht über alle relevanten Aspekte der wirtschaftlichen Leistung und des sozialen Fortschritts Auskunft geben.
Metrics matter for policy and policy matters for well-being. In this report, the co-chairs of the OECD-hosted High Level Expert Group on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, ...Joseph E. Stiglitz, Jean-Paul Fitoussi and Martine Durand, show how over-reliance on GDP as the.
The nucleoside adenosine acts on the nervous and cardiovascular systems via the A2A receptor (A2AR). In response to oxygen level in tissues, adenosine plasma concentration is regulated in particular ...via its synthesis by CD73 and via its degradation by adenosine deaminase (ADA). The cell-surface endopeptidase CD26 controls the concentration of vasoactive and antioxidant peptides and hence regulates the oxygen supply to tissues and oxidative stress response. Although overexpression of adenosine, CD73, ADA, A2AR, and CD26 in response to hypoxia is well documented, the effects of hyperoxic and hyperbaric conditions on these elements deserve further consideration. Rats and a murine Chem-3 cell line that expresses A2AR were exposed to 0.21 bar O2, 0.79 bar N2 (terrestrial conditions; normoxia); 1 bar O2 (hyperoxia); 2 bar O2 (hyperbaric hyperoxia); 0.21 bar O2, 1.79 bar N2 (hyperbaria). Adenosine plasma concentration, CD73, ADA, A2AR expression, and CD26 activity were addressed in vivo, and cAMP production was addressed in cellulo. For in vivo conditions, 1) hyperoxia decreased adenosine plasma level and T cell surface CD26 activity, whereas it increased CD73 expression and ADA level; 2) hyperbaric hyperoxia tended to amplify the trend; and 3) hyperbaria alone lacked significant influence on these parameters. In the brain and in cellulo, 1) hyperoxia decreased A2AR expression; 2) hyperbaric hyperoxia amplified the trend; and 3) hyperbaria alone exhibited the strongest effect. We found a similar pattern regarding both A2AR mRNA synthesis in the brain and cAMP production in Chem-3 cells. Thus a high oxygen level tended to downregulate the adenosinergic pathway and CD26 activity. Hyperbaria alone affected only A2AR expression and cAMP production. We discuss how such mechanisms triggered by hyperoxygenation can limit, through vasoconstriction, the oxygen supply to tissues and the production of reactive oxygen species.
Well-Being as a Business Concept Durand, Martine; Boarini, Romina
Humanistic management journal,
09/2016, Letnik:
1, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
For years overall economic and societal progress of nations has been measured through GDP. While GDP remains a useful proxy of a country’s macroeconomic health, its inadequacy to measure people’s ...lives and well-being has grown uncontested and led countries to deploy massive efforts to build new data and initiatives that capture what really matters to people. The OECD has played a central role in this movement supporting many countries of the world in their ambition to generate more meaningful metrics of well-being and progress and to embed these metrics in everyday public policies. Since 2011 the OECD also produces well-being evidence and analysis on a regular basis through its Better Life Initiative, and mainstreams well-being in a growing numbers of its policy instruments. If well-being is today at the centre of policy-making, should it also have a role in business, one of the major actors in society? In this paper we argue that business has a strong impact on people’s well-being not only in today’s terms and within the national boundaries of one country, but also on well-being in the future and across multiple territories. However, a big research agenda lies ahead of us in terms of capturing these impacts in a more precise fashion and with data that are able to tell us what are the best business practices for enhancing people’s well-being.
Abstract
Should subjective wellbeing, as measured by life evaluation, be the sole criterion for policies? This article answers this question negatively based on three arguments. First, it is ...important to distinguish between people's life evaluations, their emotional experiences and their sense of purpose; each has different drivers and consequences, implying that no single measure can adequately subsume the others. Second, while subjective wellbeing provides information missed by more conventional measures, the reverse is also true. This implies that information on the intrinsic importance of other key wellbeing dimensions cannot be derived from just looking at their instrumental value in raising subjective wellbeing. Third, the ‘utilitarian calculus’ implicit in subjective wellbeing regressions shines little light on normative decisions such as the attention we should focus on the worst off or on future generations. In contrast to the ‘automatic pilot’ approach to policies advocated by Frijters
et al.
, this article favours an approach based on dashboards of indicators used to inform all of the stages of the policy cycles, as recently implemented by several OECD countries.
Cette contribution aborde le problème de la médiation des savoirs et du transfert des connaissances dans le domaine de l’éducation morale scolaire.Le cadre théorique choisi est pluridisciplinaire, ...croisant l’approche historique de l’éducation morale, l’approche philosophique du monde postmoderne qui oscille entre le pôle holiste et le pôle individualiste et enfin l’approche pédagogique qui nous ouvre sur les pratiques actuelles et variées.L’objet de recherche concerne les principes et les pratiques d’éducation morale à l’école laïque aujourd’hui. L’enquête empirique se déroule selon deux axes : un temps d’observation dans une quarantaine de classes suivi d’un entretien auprès de chacun des enseignants. Les premiers résultats soulignent que la compréhension des objectifs et des contenus d’enseignement en « instruction morale » apparaît floue, d’où une grande diversité de pratiques observée dans l’école.
This paper addresses the problem of both the mediation of knowledge and knowledge transfer in the field of moral education at school. The theoretical framework chosen is multidisciplinary, combining the historical approach with moral education, the philosophical approach to the postmodern world which oscillates between the holistic and the individualistic pole and finally the pedagogical approach revealing the current and varied practices today.The subject of research concerns the principles and practices of moral education in the public school. The empirical investigation is conducted in two ways: a time of observation in forty classes followed by an interview with each teacher. The first results show that the understanding of the objectives and the teaching “moral education” content appear blurred, hence a wide variety of practices may be observed in the school in question.
High homocysteine (HCy) levels are associated with lymphocyte‐mediated inflammatory responses that are sometimes in turn related to hypoxia. Because adenosine is a potent lymphocyte suppressor ...produced in hypoxic conditions and shares metabolic pathways with HCy, we addressed the influence of high HCy levels on the hypoxia‐induced, adenosine‐mediated, alteration of lymphocyte viability. We treated mitogen‐stimulated human lymphocytes isolated from healthy individuals and the human lymphoma T‐cell line CEM with cobalt chloride (CoCl2)to reproduce hypoxia. We found that CoCl2‐altered cell viability was dose‐dependently reversed using HCy. In turn, the HCy effect was inhibited using DL‐propargylglycine, a specific inhibitor of the hydrogen sulphide (H2S)‐synthesizing enzyme cystathionine‐γ‐lyase involved in HCy catabolism. We then addressed the intracellular metabolic pathway of adenosine and HCy, and the role of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). We observed that: (i) hypoxic conditions lowered the intracellular concentration of HCy by increasing adenosine production, which resulted in high A2AR expression and 3′, 5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate production; (ii) increasing intracellular HCy concentration reversed the hypoxia‐induced adenosinergic signalling despite high adenosine concentration by promoting both S‐adenosylhomocysteine and H2S production; (iii) DL‐propargylglycine that inhibits H2S production abolished the HCy effect. Together, these data suggest that high HCy levels prevent, via H2S production and the resulting down‐regulation of A2AR expression, the hypoxia‐induced adenosinergic alteration of lymphocyte viability. We point out the relevance of these mechanisms in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases.
L’impossible au cœur du vivant Vial-Durand, Martine
Vie sociale et traitements,
2/2022, Letnik:
153, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Quel est l'avenir d'une clinique du sujet dans les nouveaux contextes de la psychiatrie. Depuis 2009, la loi hpst (Hôpital Patient Santé Territoire) a conduit les directions à s'inféoder aux ...dimensions gestionnaire et utilitariste. Le discours de cette nouvelle « gouvernance » se déploie à travers un langage moderniste, factice et convenu, qui donne à lire en creux une redéfinition de la psychiatrie désormais normative, pragmatique, indifférente à son objet. Une approche clinique du sujet est d'abord et essentiellement un travail d'humanité et d'éthique, en quête du vivant dans ce qu'il a d'imprévisible, de complexe et d'irréductible à la normalisation. Il faut aujourd'hui, encore et toujours, tenter d'en réinventer - d'en rêver - les conditions, dussent-elles relever de l'impossible.
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