ABSTRACT
Background
Physiological adaptations in military jungle survival training have not yet been studied. Knowledge about the relationship between the insulin-like growth factor type I ...(IGF-I)/insulin-like growth factor binding protein type 3 (IGFBP-3) system and survival activities in a jungle environment can improve readiness and prepare Brazilian Air Force cadets for this kind of battlefield. Our goal was to assess changes in body composition and serum concentrations of the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 system in Brazilian Air Force cadets during five-day Amazon rainforest survival training and whether differences in sex influence these variations.
Methods
In the five-day survival training, variations in body composition and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were observed. The sample consisted of 14 male cadets (21.71 ± 1.64 years) and 6 female cadets (22.00 ± 1.41 years). Changes were assessed before and immediately after the survival training.
Results
The male cadets’ body mass (pre: 73.89 ± 8.79 kg; post: 69.57 ± 8.44 kg), body fat (pre: 11.43 ± 4.15%; post: 10.16 ± 4.19%), IGF-I serum concentrations (pre: 252 ± 72 ng/mL; post: 140 ± 42 ng/mL), and IGFBP-3 serum concentrations (pre: 4.90 ± 0.67 ng/mL; post: 4.22 ± 0.73 ng/mL) were significantly reduced (P < .01). In the female cadets, the mean body mass values (pre: 60.98 ± 8.82 kg; post: 57.91 ± 9.01 kg), body fat (pre: 19.20 ± 5.03%; post: 17.19 ± 4.77%), and IGF-I serum concentrations (pre: 202 ± 50 ng/mL; post: 108 ± 29 ng/mL) also decreased significantly (P < .01) after survival training. Finally, the cadet’s sex does not affect the variations of IGF-I (P = .46) and IGFBP-3 (P = .205) serum concentrations.
Conclusions
These findings all suggest that changes in body mass and body fat, as well as variations in the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 system, corroborate the need for military readiness preparation. Equivalent changes in both sexes indicate probable equal recovery intervals after survival training.
Objective
To evaluate the influence of the posterior residual bone height and sinus width on the outcome of maxillary sinus bone augmentation using anorganic bovine bone.
Material and methods
...Bilateral sinus bone augmentation was performed using anorganic bovine bone in 20 patients with residual bone height <2 mm in at least one site on each side. Trephine samples were removed at the implant insertion site 8 months after the grafting procedure, and histological and histomorphometric analyses were performed to examine the relative amount (%) of new bone, anorganic bovine bone, and soft tissue in the grafted area. Based on cone beam computed tomography evaluation, the sites of implant insertion were classified according to sinus width into narrow, average, and wide, and according to residual bone height into ≤2 and >2 mm.
Results
A total of 146 implants were installed and 103 biopsies were evaluated. New bone formation in sites classified as narrow (69 sites), average (19 sites), and wide (15 sites) was 28.5% ± 9.24, 28.9% ± 8.61, and 30.3% ± 7.80, respectively. The mean posterior maxillary residual bone height was 4.0 ± 2.43 mm, and 26 and 77 sites were classified as ≤2 and >2 mm, respectively. New bone formation was 26.2% ± 9.10 and 29.8% ± 8.67 for residual bone height ≤2 and >2 mm, respectively. The differences were non‐significant.
Conclusions
Within the limitations of the present study, posterior residual bone height and sinus width were not factors with influence on new bone formation in sinuses grafted exclusively with anorganic bovine bone after 8 months of healing.
Objectives
To evaluate graft remodelling according to the distance from the native bone in maxillary sinuses grafted with anorganic bovine bone (ABB).
Material and methods
Bilateral sinus grafting ...was performed in twenty patients with residual bone height <5 mm before implant placement. After 8 months, biopsy samples were harvested, and histomorphometric analysis was performed to examine bone formation according to the distance (in mm) from the native bone (sinus floor). In the grafted area, the percentages of new bone (NB), residual graft material (rABB), and soft tissue (ST) were evaluated.
Results
A total of 103 biopsy samples were evaluated, and the percentages of NB, rABB, and ST were 31.62 ± 9.85%, 18.94 ± 7.88%, and 49.41 ± 9.52%, respectively, in the 1st mm; 27.15 ± 9.83%, 23.33 ± 9.45%, and 49.53 ± 11.73%, respectively, in the 2nd mm; 23.61 ± 13.02%, 21.35 ± 11.08%, and 55.03 ± 16.14%, respectively, in the 3rd mm; and 21.67 ± 12.29%, 19.67 ± 10.28%, and 58.66 ± 12.46%, respectively, in the 4th mm. The 1st millimetre of the grafted area (closer to the native bone) presented a larger amount of NB than the other portions of the grafted areas and a smaller amount of rABB than the 2nd mm of the grafted area (p < .05). The amount of ST was larger in the 3rd and 4th mm of the grafted area than in the first 2 millimetres (p < .05).
Conclusion
The distance from the native bone influences bone formation following maxillary sinus augmentation
To determine the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and serum concentrations of retinol, correlating them with IGF-1 concentrations in preschoolers with DS.
Cross-sectional study was conducted ...on 47 children with DS aged 24 to 72 months, in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. VAD was determined by the relative dose-response (RDR) test. Retinol serum concentration ≤ 0.70 µmol/L and IGF-1 serum concentration below the 3rd percentile for sex and age were considered to represent deficiency. C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined at the beginning of the study. Weight, height, and information about fever and/or diarrhea were obtained at the beginning of the study.
VAD prevalence was 25.5% (12/47), and 74.5% (35/47) of the children had deficient retinol before the intervention. CRP was not associated with VAD. Mean IGF-1 were 103.5 ng/mL (SD = 913) for the group with VAD and 116.3 ng/mL (SD = 54.9) for the group with no VAD (p-value = 0.85); 8.5% (4/47) of the children showed deficient IGF-1, but without VAD. No association was observed between VAD and IGF-1 deficiency. A moderate positive correlation was observed between pre-intervention retinol and IGF-1 (ρ = 0.37; p-value = 0.01).
a high prevalence of VAD and deficient retinol was observed and there was a positive correlation between serum retinol and IGF-1.
Glycaemia in newborns changes significantly after birth; however, little is known about these changes. The objective was to describe continuous interstitial glucose values in term newborns who were ...exclusively breast fed on the first day of life.
We studied 159 newborns with appropriate weights for gestational age, who were exclusively breast fed on the first day of life, using a continuous glucose monitoring device that calculates interstitial glucose every 5 min. The device was removed after 24 hours, and the results were analysed using the R program, which provides the minimum, maximum, median and a standard curve with centiles.
At the second hour of life, the moment in which the sensor started to identify the newborn's glycaemia, interstitial glucose levels were 2.59-4.43 mmol/L (46.7-79.9 mg/dL). The median interstitial glucose level of the newborns during the first day of life was 3.33±0.48 mmol/L (60±8.6 mg/dL). Interstitial glucose levels dropped until the sixth hour of life, reaching 2.19-3.95 mmol/L (39.5-71.1 mg/dL), and then increased again. The maximum values were found at the 20th and 21st hours of life, which were 2.81-4.64 mmol/L (50.6-83.6 mg/dL).
The interstitial glucose during the first 24 hours of life declined until the sixth hour of life, then increased around the 20th hour and remained stable until the end of the first day of life.
Bodybuilding involves athletes performing a series of poses/postures on the stage so that they can be classified according to their best esthetic and physical appearance during the competition. In ...the weeks prior to the target competition, the athletes subject themselves to restrictive diets and different physical training methods, as well as using dietary supplementation and, in some cases, anabolic steroids, to reduce body fat to low levels and maintain or increase muscle mass. On the other hand, it is known that physical training is a potent stimulator for releasing the components of the GH/IGF-I axis that are directly linked to the anabolic process. Based on these assumptions, this study aimed to verify the kinetics of IGF-I and of its binding protein IGFBP-3 in female bodybuilders. Serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations were recorded before and after standardized training sessions at two different times: in the initial phase (phase 1) and in the final phase of the pre-contest (phase 2) of a 12-week training season. It was possible to conclude that there was a significant reduction in serum IGF-I values at the end of the pre-contest phase that preceded the athletes' participation in a competition. With relation to the serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 values measured before and after the standardized training session, it was only possible to verify significant changes in the IGF-I values in the initial phase of the pre-contest. It seems reasonable to suggest that the caloric restriction used by bodybuilders may be related to the decrease in IGF-I values verified at the end of the pre-contest phase.
•Despite the resistance training, the consumption of dietary supplements, and the use of anabolic steroids by the bodybuilders there was a significant reduction in serum IGF-I levels;•The reduction in IGF-I was accompanied by a reduction in body weight and adiposity;•The caloric restriction used in the pre-contest phase may be associated to the decrease in IGF-I values verified at the end of the pre-contest phase.
Insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) has gained considerable notoriety in military training, primarily because it is responsible for energy deficits and sensitive to an inadequate protein ...intake, which are situations that are commonly experienced in specific military operations. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the kinetics of IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein type 3 (IGFBP-3) in a 4-day military field training exercise.
The sample comprised 12 male soldiers (21.71 ± 1.64 years). Changes were assessed at 3 times: time 1-basal (control week); time 2-after specific military field training; and time 3-1 week after the specific training (control week). Changes in body composition and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were observed.
The main finding of this study was it verified the biphasic kinetics of both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 at the 3 times observed, that is, a significant drop from time 1 (basal-IGF-I: 189 ng/mL and IGFBP-3: 4.71 mg/L) to time 2 (immediately after military training-IGF-I: 162 ng/mL and IGFBP-3: 4.08 mg/L) and a subsequent recovery of these markers, with a significant increase from time 2 (immediately after military training) to time 3 (a week after military training-IGF-I: 199 ng/mL and IGFBP-3: 4.96 mg/L).
It can be concluded that IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels respond quickly to the stimuli caused by military training, especially after specific field training. However, the same markers quickly return to their basal values after this type of training finishes, simply by following the daily routine of the battalion in the control weeks, with no specific intervention being necessary.
The structure of food webs is a fundamental attribute of ecosystems, and their characterization provides an intrinsic knowledge of the trophic interactions among organisms and of nutrient and energy ...transfer within ecosystems. Over the last few decades, several chemical and biogeochemical approaches have been proposed to explore different aspects of food webs. In this sense, this study reviews the application of stable isotopes and mercury as main auxiliary tools to the characterization and modeling of aquatic food webs, including analytical and modeling advances, strengths and limitations. The metanalysis performed showed that the most used tools for trophic ecology studies are stable isotopes, and that they can provide better results when combined with mercury and specific chemical molecules such as amino and fatty acids. In addition, the statistical methods applied in the interpretation of results, such as isotope mixing models, have witnessed significant advances in the last two decades. All approaches have premises and limitations when applied to aquatic ecosystems, which must be well understood prior to results interpretation. The use of multiple tracers in trophic studies provides complementary information and in many cases is an appropriate alternative to overcome some limitations, allowing to expand the knowledge of the food webs.
Context:
Loss-of-function mutations in makorin ring finger 3 (MKRN3), an imprinted gene located on the long arm of chromosome 15, have been recognized recently as a cause of familial central ...precocious puberty (CPP) in humans. MKRN3 has a potential inhibitory effect on GnRH secretion.
Objectives:
The objective of the study was to investigate potential MKRN3 sequence variations as well as copy number and methylation abnormalities of the 15q11 locus in patients with apparently sporadic CPP.
Setting and Participants:
We studied 215 unrelated children (207 girls and eight boys) from three university medical centers with a diagnosis of CPP. All but two of these patients (213 cases) reported no family history of premature sexual development. First-degree relatives of patients with identified MKRN3 variants were included for genetic analysis.
Main Outcome Measures:
All 215 CPP patients were screened for MKRN3 mutations by automatic sequencing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was performed in a partially overlapping cohort of 52 patients.
Results:
We identified five novel heterozygous mutations in MKRN3 in eight unrelated girls with CPP. Four were frame shift mutations predicted to encode truncated proteins and one was a missense mutation, which was suggested to be deleterious by in silico analysis. All patients with MKRN3 mutations had classical features of CPP with a median age of onset at 6 years. Copy number and methylation abnormalities at the 15q11 locus were not detected in the patients tested for these abnormalities. Segregation analysis was possible in five of the eight girls with MKRN3 mutations; in all cases, the mutation was inherited on the paternal allele.
Conclusions:
We have identified novel inherited MKRN3 defects in children with apparently sporadic CPP, supporting a fundamental role of this peptide in the suppression of the reproductive axis.
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