It is habitual for combat sports athletes to lose weight rapidly to get into a lower weight class. Fluid restriction, dehydration by sweating (sauna or exercise) and the use of diuretics are among ...the most recurrent means of weight cutting. Although it is difficult to dissuade athletes from this practice due to the possible negative effect of severe dehydration on their health, athletes may be receptive to avoid weight cutting if there is evidence that it could affect their muscle performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if hypohydration, to reach a weight category, affects neuromuscular performance and combat sports competition results.
We tested 163 (124 men and 39 woman) combat sports athletes during the 2013 senior Spanish National Championships. Body mass and urine osmolality (UOSM) were measured at the official weigh-in (PRE) and 13-18 h later, right before competing (POST). Athletes were divided according to their USOM at PRE in euhydrated (EUH; UOSM 250-700 mOsm · kgH2O(-1)), hypohydrated (HYP; UOSM 701-1080 mOsm · kgH2O(-1)) and severely hypohydrated (S-HYP; UOSM 1081-1500 mOsm · kgH2O(-1)). Athletes' muscle strength, power output and contraction velocity were measured in upper (bench press and grip) and lower body (countermovement jump - CMJ) muscle actions at PRE and POST time-points.
At weigh-in 84 % of the participants were hypohydrated. Before competition (POST) UOSM in S-HYP and HYP decreased but did not reach euhydration levels. However, this partial rehydration increased bench press contraction velocity (2.8-7.3 %; p < 0.05) and CMJ power (2.8 %; p < 0.05) in S-HYP. Sixty-three percent of the participants competed with a body mass above their previous day's weight category and 70 of them (69 % of that sample) obtained a medal.
Hypohydration is highly prevalent among combat sports athletes at weigh-in and not fully reversed in the 13-18 h from weigh-in to competition. Nonetheless, partial rehydration recovers upper and lower body neuromuscular performance in the severely hypohydrated participants. Our data suggest that the advantage of competing in a lower weight category could compensate the declines in neuromuscular performance at the onset of competition, since 69 % of medal winners underwent marked hypohydration.
Summary
Great effort has been paid to identify novel targets for pharmaceutical intervention to control inflammation associated with different diseases. We have studied the effect of signalling ...inhibitors in the secretion of the proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1β in monocyte‐derived macrophages (M‐DM) obtained from the ascites of cirrhotic patients and compared with those obtained from the blood of healthy donors. Peritoneal M‐DM were isolated from non‐infected ascites of cirrhotic patients and stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat‐killed Candida albicans in the presence or absence of inhibitors for c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase (PI3K). The IL1B and CASP1 gene expression were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR). The expression of IL‐1β and caspase‐1 were determined by Western blot. IL‐1β was also assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in cell culture supernatants. Results revealed that MEK1 and JNK inhibition significantly reduced the basal and stimulated IL‐1β secretion, while the p38 MAPK inhibitor had no effect on IL‐1β levels. On the contrary, inhibition of PI3K increased the secretion of IL‐1β from stimulated M‐DM. The activating effect of PI3K inhibitor on IL‐1β release was mediated mainly by the enhancement of the intracellular IL‐1β and caspase‐1 content release to the extracellular medium and not by increasing the corresponding mRNA and protein expression levels. These data point towards the role of MEK1 and JNK inhibitors, in contrast to the PI3K‐protein kinase B inhibitors, as potential therapeutic tools for pharmaceutical intervention to diminish hepatic damage by reducing the inflammatory response mediated by IL‐1β associated with liver failure.
This paper is based on the fact that some climatic variables show a preferential directionality and grant a markedly anisotropic character to the weathering system acting on rocks. The aim of this ...work is to quantify the anisotropic degree of the weathering system and its effects on rock erosion. For this purpose, a new methodology based on the vector analysis of directional and time-dependent parameters is proposed to quantify the annual or seasonal anisotropy of the weathering system. Results show that, on the one hand, wind-driven rain and solar radiation are the most anisotropic variables, being north and east the most intense directions for wind-driven rain and southeast for solar radiation, in the case of the San José Tower, the reference monument of this study. On the other hand, the ranking from the most to the least eroded façades of the tower are: east (maximum recession depth of 26.77 mm) > south (15.53 mm) ≈ west (13.56 mm) > north (6.37 mm). Solar radiation and indirect processes arising therefrom are the most important weathering agents in the semiarid Mediterranean climate, whilst wind-driven rain is the main erosion factor especially due to its torrential character. According to our results, weathering and erosion agents are strongly anisotropic, which emphasizes the importance of integrating the anisotropic character of the weathering system in preventive strategies against surface deterioration of monuments. In this sense, this paper advances the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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•Erosion anisotropy is key for preventive conservation of cultural heritage.•Wind, wind-driven rain and solar radiation are directional weathering agents.•A new methodology quantifies the anisotropy degree of the rock weathering system.•‘Erosion seasonality’ is also quantified.•Results show the most exposed orientations to weathering and erosion.
In this study we show the application of a long-range Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) to a detailed rockfall study in a test zone at Vall de Núria, located in the Eastern Pyrenees. Data acquisition ...was carried out using TLS-Ilris3D, the new generation of reflector-less laser scanners with a high range, accuracy and velocity of measurements. Eight scans were performed at 3 stations to acquire coordinates of almost 4 million points. The results from the acquired data are a high accuracy Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the reconstruction of the joint geometry. The former is used for inventory of rockfalls and for more accurate rockfall simulation (trajectories and velocities). The latter allows us to model the geometry and volume of the source area in recent rockfalls. Our findings suggest that TLS technology could be a tool of reference in rockfall studies in the near future.
Primary proteolysis, secondary proteolysis and changes in hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic (HO) peptides during ripening of a goats’ milk cheese (Murcia al Vino) manufactured with either plant ...coagulant (PC) or calf rennet (AR) were studied. In the Murcia al Vino cheese, intense proteolytic activity took place during ripening, and after a 60-day ripening period of the cheeses made with animal rennet, values of 19.04, 9.61, 0.55 and 0.66 for water-soluble nitrogen (WSN) at pH 4.6, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), ammonia nitrogen (NH
3N) and amino acid nitrogen (AAN), were obtained. In the cheeses produced with PC, proteolysis was more intense, and after 60 days of ripening, values of 34.79, 11.16, 0.59 and 0.88 for WSN, NPN, NH
3N and AAN were obtained. Casein (CN) proteolysis was more intense in cheeses manufactured with PC, compared with those manufactured with AR.
β-CN degradation products (
γ-CN fractions) were higher in cheeses manufactured with AR. HI and HO concentrations and the HO/HI ratio was higher in cheeses made with PC. These results were further confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). The use of PC for goat cheese manufacture might accelerate ripening and, thus, a cheese with different sensory characteristics caused by increased cyprosin proteolytic activity may be obtained.
Abstract Funding Acknowledgements None. Background Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) are the leading cause of mortality in Spain. Further research is needed in order to know risk factors and outcomes in ...young patients so that medicians could optimize their management and prevention. Purpose Identifying risk factors, clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes in Acute Coronary Syndrome in patients aged 40 and under. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients under 40 years of age who were admitted for ACS, out of 3,859 ACS admissions in Cardiology Intensive Care Unit (CICU) in our hospital between 2012 and 2022. Results 67 patients (1.73%) were included, most of them were males (83.6%). Baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 1. 77.6% had hypertension (HTA), 22.4% had diabetes (DM) and 34.3% had dyslipidemia (DLP). 79.1% were smokers, 9.1% had a history of alcoholism and 29.9% were cocaine users. None of them had a history of stroke, atrial fibrillation (AF). Only 3% had ischemic heart disease. 68.7% of them were ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and inferior STEMI was the most common (38.7%). In anterior STEMI (22 patients), 15 had a severe lesion in the mid-left anterior descending artery (LAD), and 6 in the left main stem (LM). Single-vessel disease was the most common (70.8%), with 3-vessel disease in 4.6%. 75.8% received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and 3% underwent bypass surgery. During admission, 10.5% progressed to Killip class III-IV. The ICU mortality was 1.5%. 9% received vasoactive drugs and 4.5% were intubated. Non-invasive ventilation was used in 3% and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in 5.3%. 3% received intra-aortic balloon pump support and 1.5% underwent dialysis or ultrafiltration. 4.5% received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), although none of them developed bundle branch block or atrioventricular node block, nor AF. After discharge, 11.1% had recurrent ACS, and up to 5.6% underwent PCI again, with a mortality rate of 11.8%. Conclusion Approximately 2% of ACS occur in people younger than 40 years of age. Substance abuse (smoking, cocaine and alcoholism) becomes more prevalent in this group. Prevalence of comorbidities (such as diabetes and nephropathy) are lower, making them less prone to short-term heart failure. However, they are more susceptible to recurrent ischemic events. There is a high incidence of inferior STEMI and LM-STEMI. For these reasons, medicians may need to find out a substance abuse in this group and further research into other risk factors, such as coronary disease family history.Basal characteristicsClinical evolution of patients
Abstract Funding Acknowledgements None. Introduction Acute Heart Failure (AHF) is a common cause of hospitalisation. Its ethology and triggering factors influence the prognosis and evolution. Methods ...and purpose Retrospective analysis of 6330 patients admitted to our hospital's Coronary Care Unit (CCU) between 2012 and 2022. The main objective was to analyse the characteristics during hospital progress and follow-up of patients with AHF after an Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in class Killip III or IV, comparing it with those admitted for AHF not secondary to ACS. Results 698 patients with AHF after ACS and 384 with AHF not secondary to ACS were included. 68.8% of patients presented Acute Coronary Syndrome with ST elevation (STEMI), with a higher prevalence in the anterior location (34,3%). Angioplasty was performed in 53.4% of patiens with STEMI and in 40.3% of patients with NSTEMI. The Cardiovascular risk factors (Figure 1) were similar in both groups, while patients with AHF not secondary to ACS had a history of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and atrial fibrilación (AF) more frequently. Patients with AHF after ACS more frequently required treatment with dobutamine and norepinephrine (63.6% and 57.6%, respectively) as well as orotracheal intubation. At the same time, levosimendan was administered more frequently to patients with AHF not secondary to ACS, with non-invasive mechanical ventilation being more frequent in this group. Both groups similarly received neurohormonal treatment, with beta-blockers being used the most. Events during follow-up (Figure 2) were higher in patients with AHF after ACS, except HF events. Cardiovascular mortality was 21.9% in patients with AHF after ACS. Conclusions Patients admitted for ACS complicated with AHF Killip III-IV represented 11.02%. The majority presented previously STEMI. During their admission, compared to patients admitted for AHF not secondary to ACS, they more frequently required vasoactive drugs and orotracheal intubation. Cardiovascular complications and mortality during follow-up were higher in patients with AHF after ACS. Therefore, early identification of patients with ACS at risk of developing AHF and establishing a specific and optimal treatment is crucial in the evolution of these patients.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present work was to study the sensorial characteristics of Murcia al Vino cheese made with different coagulants (animal rennet and powdered vegetable coagulant obtained from ...cardoon Cynara cardunculus) and of different weights (1 and 3 kg). The cheeses made with rennet showed less odor and taste intensities, a bit clearer color and were harder and grainier, but less creamy than the cheeses made with vegetable coagulant. The big cheeses were characterized by high wine odor, acid odor, wine taste, bitter taste, acid taste, and number, size and distribution of eyes notes. The small cheeses were distinguished by a high overall taste intensity, hardness, overall odor intensity, color, saltiness and graininess.
Most of the sensorial characteristics were affected by the ripening time of the cheeses.
The provenance of the Permo-Triassic series of the Talayuelas anticline (Iberian Ranges) have been studied using U-Pb geochronology (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) of ...detrital zircons. These intracontinental siliciclastic series were formed by extensive sandy braided fluvial systems associated with ephemeral lake deposits and aeolian sediments, with paleocurrents suggesting constant NW-SE transport directions. Upper Permian reddish sandstones from the Upper Alcotas Formation (Lopingian) contain a dominant Variscan zircon population (290–360 Ma), which indicates source areas located in the axial zone of the Variscan belt, in the core of the Ibero-Armorican arc. However, in the Lower Triassic sandstones of the Cañizar Formation (Olenekian), the Variscan zircon population is almost completely replaced by Cadomian zircons (520–750 Ma), with important Avalonian (390–520 Ma), Mesoproterozoic (900–1750 Ma), Eburnian (1.78–2.35 Ga), and post-Eburnian and Archaean (>2.4 Ga) zircon populations. This detrital zircon content now suggests source areas located more to the NW, in the Avalonian microcontinent, although a limited supply coming from the southern part of Laurentia cannot be ruled out. Finally, in the Middle Triassic (Anisian), the source areas returned to the Variscan axial zone, since the Variscan zircon population is again highly dominant during this period. The changes detected in the source areas of the Permo-Triassic series are related to the development and propagation of the Iberian rift, one of the large extensional structures that determined the generation of the sedimentary basins and finally caused the breakup of Pangea. The methodology followed in this article is very useful to understand the generation and evolution of these intracontinental basins and also the relationships between the different rift systems generated in the North Atlantic realm during the Permo-Triassic times.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary Great effort has been paid to identify novel targets for pharmaceutical intervention to control inflammation associated with different diseases. We have studied the effect of signalling ...inhibitors in the secretion of the proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta in monocyte-derived macrophages (M-DM) obtained from the ascites of cirrhotic patients and compared with those obtained from the blood of healthy donors. Peritoneal M-DM were isolated from non-infected ascites of cirrhotic patients and stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat-killed Candida albicans in the presence or absence of inhibitors for c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K). The IL1B and CASP1 gene expression were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression of IL-1beta and caspase-1 were determined by Western blot. IL-1beta was also assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in cell culture supernatants. Results revealed that MEK1 and JNK inhibition significantly reduced the basal and stimulated IL-1beta secretion, while the p38 MAPK inhibitor had no effect on IL-1beta levels. On the contrary, inhibition of PI3K increased the secretion of IL-1beta from stimulated M-DM. The activating effect of PI3K inhibitor on IL-1beta release was mediated mainly by the enhancement of the intracellular IL-1beta and caspase-1 content release to the extracellular medium and not by increasing the corresponding mRNA and protein expression levels. These data point towards the role of MEK1 and JNK inhibitors, in contrast to the PI3K-protein kinase B inhibitors, as potential therapeutic tools for pharmaceutical intervention to diminish hepatic damage by reducing the inflammatory response mediated by IL-1beta associated with liver failure.
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