Reused water is produced from treated effluents, and can be an alternative source of water for agriculture. However, its quality must be assessed to avoid causing damage to human and environmental ...health. This study evaluated the sanitary quality (bacteriological and physicochemical) of reused water samples for agricultural irrigation, compared with those described in Brazilian and international regulations. Bacteriological analyses were performed, and the results were compared with the norm of the Brazilian Association of Technical Norms (ABNT) NBR nº 13.969/1997. Physical and chemical analyses of the reused water samples were carried out, and the results were compared with the standards described by regulations: Resolution of the State Council for the Environment of Ceará No. 2 of 2017; Resolution of the Bahia State Water Resources Council No. 75 of 2010; and “Guidelines for Water Reuse” from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - EPA. According to Brazilian regulations, bacteriological analyses showed that the "chlorinated" and "polished" samples were suitable for agriculture. However, the “biological" sample was unsuitable for use, and showed a high level of thermotolerant coliforms (25.800 CFU / mL). According to bacteriological and physical-chemical analyses, the “polished” sample was only proper for agriculture irrigation. Therefore, the work suggests the creation of federal law regarding agricultural reuse to control the sanitary quality of water for human and environmental health.
Keywords: agricultural reuse, agriculture, bacteriological and physicochemical evaluation, norms for reuse in agriculture.
To assess the association between two colposcopic indices, the Swede score and the 2011 International Federation of Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy (IFCPC) Nomenclature as well as to determine the ...efficacy of the Swede score with cutoffs of 7 and 8.
In the present cross-sectional pilot study, 34 women who had at least 1 colposcopy-directed biopsy due to abnormal cytology were enrolled. The colposcopic findings were scored by both the Swede score and the 2011 IFCPC Nomenclature and were compared with each other. The Kappa coefficient and the McNemar test were used. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (NPV and PPV, respectively) were calculated, as well as the effectiveness with cutoffs of 7 and 8 in identifying cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) 2+ when using the Swede score.
The correlation between the 2 colposcopic indices was 79.41%. The Kappa coefficient and the McNemar p-value were 0.55 and 0.37, respectively. The IFCPC Nomenclature had sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV of 85.71, 55.00, 67.64, 57.14, and 84.61%, respectively. The Swede score had sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV of 100, 63.15, 79.41, 68.18, and 100%, respectively. A Swede score cutoff of 7 for CIN 2+ detection had a specificity of 94.73%, while with a cutoff of 8 it increased to 100%. The sensitivity for both values was 60%. The PPV and NPV for cutoffs of 7 and 8 were 90 and 75 and 100 and 76%, respectively.
Although both colposcopic indices have good reproducibility, the Swede score showed greater accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in identifying CIN 2 + , especially when using a cutoff of 8.
Trend of fall-related mortality among the elderly Monteiro, Yara Cristina Martins; Vieira, Maria Aparecida da Silva; Vitorino, Priscila Valverde de Oliveira ...
Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da U S P,
2021, Letnik:
55
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of fall-related mortality in elderly in Brazil from 2008 to 2016. Method: Study of time series of rates of fall-related mortality according to CID-10 ...from 2008 to 2016. Data from the Mortality Information System on death registers of people ≥ 60 living in Brazil were used. The specific rates of fall-related mortality among the elderly were calculated through the ratio between the number of deaths and the elderly population of that year and region. The populational information was obtained from the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The variation rate and temporal trend were obtained through linear regression (p < 0.05). Results: The fall-related deaths among the elderly aged ≥ 60 amounted to 72,234 (31.2%). Falls from the same level were the most frequent (53.8%) and death rates in all ages ranged from 29.7 to 44.7 per 100,000 elders. Fall-related deaths increased with age. Conclusion: There was a growing trend of fall-related deaths among elderly in all age groups, an event which is avoidable through the adoption of preventive measures. The high rates and growing trend of fall-related deaths, as well as the aging of the Brazilian population, suggest that public policies for protecting the elderly must be prioritized.
RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade por quedas em idosos no Brasil de 2008 a 2016. Método: Estudo de série temporal das taxas de mortalidade por quedas segundo CID-10 de 2008 a 2016. Utilizaram-se dados de registro de óbito de residentes no Brasil, com idade ≥ 60 anos, constantes no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade específica por quedas em idosos por meio da razão entre o número de óbitos e a população idosa residente naquele ano e região. As informações populacionais foram obtidas dos censos de 2000 e 2010. A taxa de variação e a tendência temporal foram obtidas por regressão linear (p < 0,05). Resultados: Foram identificados 72.234 (31,2%) óbitos por quedas em idosos ≥ 60 anos. Quedas no mesmo nível foram as mais frequentes (53,8%) e as taxas de óbito em todas as idades variaram de 29,7 a 44,7 por 100.000 idosos. Os óbitos por queda aumentaram conforme a idade. Conclusão: Houve tendência crescente de óbitos por quedas em idosos em todas as faixas etárias, eventos evitáveis com a adoção de medidas preventivas. As elevadas taxas e a tendência de aumento dos óbitos por queda, bem como o envelhecimento da população brasileira, sugerem que políticas públicas de proteção aos idosos devem ser priorizadas.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por caídas en ancianos en Brasil de 2008 a 2016. Método: Estudio de serie temporal de las tasas de mortalidad por caídas según CIE-10 de 2008 a 2016. Se utilizaron datos de los registros de defunción de residentes en Brasil con edad ≥ 60 años disponibles en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. Las tasas de mortalidad específica por caídas en los ancianos se calcularon mediante el cociente entre el número de muertes y la población de ancianos por año y región. La información poblacional se obtuvo de los censos de 2000 y 2010. La tasa de variación y la tendencia temporal se obtuvieron mediante regresión lineal (p < 0,05). Resultados: Se identificaron 72.234 (31,2%) muertes por caídas en ancianos ≥ 60 años. Las caídas desde el mismo nivel fueron las más frecuentes (53,8%) y las tasas de mortalidad en todas las edades oscilaron entre 29,7 y 44,7 por cada 100.000 ancianos. Las muertes por caídas aumentaron según la edad. Conclusión: Hubo una tendencia al aumento de las muertes por caídas en los ancianos en todos los grupos de edad, un evento evitable con la adopción de medidas preventivas. Las elevadas tasas y la tendencia al aumento de las muertes por caída, así como el envejecimiento de la población brasileña, sugieren que las políticas públicas de protección a los ancianos deben ser prioritarias.
Serological tests available for the diagnosis of acute Toxoplasma gondii infection have limitations in establishing the temporal diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis. The present analytical-descriptive ...investigation comprises of a prospective longitudinal cohort study to search for accurate biomarkers to distinguish acute, early and late convalescent T. gondii infection. Classic methods (immunofluorescence-IFA along with Enzyme-linked immunosorbent-ELISA and fluorescent-ELFA assays) for IgM, IgA, IgG and IgG avidity were employed in parallel with flow cytometry-based anti-fixed T. gondii tachyzoites serology (FC-AFTA-IgM, IgG, IgG avidity and IgG subclasses). The results reemphasized the limitations of IgM & IgG IFA, IgG ELFA, IgG & IgG subclasses FC as well as IgA ELISA biomarkers for the temporal diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis. Receiver Operating-characteristics features (ROC-curves) were employed to adjust conventional cut-offs aiming at establishing a novel protocol to discriminate more accurately the different phases of toxoplasmosis. Conversely, IgM presented high diagnostic co-positivity for acute toxoplasmosis (97% for ELISA, 96% for ELFA and 95% for FC-AFTA) along with moderate co-negativity for detection of late convalescent toxoplasmosis (82%, 76% and 79%, respectively). IgG avidity (ELFA and FC-AFTA) outstand with the highest performance indices with 91% and 96% co-negativity for assessing acute toxoplasmosis and 91% and 98% co-positivity for late convalescent toxoplasmosis, respectively. Multivariate analysis generated a three-step algorithm comprising IgM ELFA screening followed by ELFA and FC-AFTA IgG avidity with high accuracy in discriminating acute from late convalescent infection. Together, these findings demonstrate the applicability of the proposed panel of diagnostic tools for accurate temporal classification of T. gondii infection.
It is important to assess the prevalence of risk factors for dementia to slow down the progression and evolution of the disease, and to support interventions and prevention programs. Objective: We ...aimed to evaluate the prevalence of these factors in individuals registered in Primary Health Care in Brazil and their relationship with sex and age group. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and quantitative study with n=300 individuals. We evaluated the prevalence of main risk factors (low education, hearing loss, high blood pressure, obesity, smoking, depression, physical inactivity, social isolation, and diabetes mellitus) and others (poor diet, alcohol use, head trauma, monolingualism, visual impairment, and sleep disorders) identified in the literature. Poisson regression was used, according to sex and age group (45-59 years/60+ years). Results: The main risk factors with the highest prevalence were physical inactivity (60.3%) and depressive symptoms and hypertension (56.7% each). Among the other factors, monolingualism (98.0%), visual impairment (84.7%), and irregular consumption of fruits (60.4%), and vegetables (53.5%) prevailed. No differences were identified between sexes. The regression analysis confirmed a significant difference for education and age group, with older individuals having a higher prevalence of low schooling. Conclusion: The results can guide interventions, especially in developing countries. Practice of physical activity and healthy eating should be the focus of these interventions as they can indirectly help in reducing the prevalence of other factors. Early identification, screening and adequate treatment of depressive symptoms, high blood pressure and visual impairment can also contribute to reducing the prevalence of dementia.
RESUMO. A identificação da prevalência de fatores de risco para demência é importante para reduzir a velocidade da progressão e evolução da doença, e para subsidiar programas de prevenção e intervenção. Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar a prevalência desses fatores em indivíduos cadastrados na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), relacionando com sexo e faixa etária. Métodos: Estudo transversal e quantitativo, com n=300 indivíduos acima de 45 anos. Avaliou-se a prevalência dos fatores de risco principais para demência (baixa escolaridade, perda auditiva, hipertensão arterial, obesidade, tabagismo, depressão, inatividade física, isolamento social e diabetes mellitus) e dos outros fatores (má alimentação, consumo de álcool, traumatismo craniano, unilinguismo, déficit visual e distúrbios do sono), identificados na literatura. Conduziu-se uma regressão de Poisson, por sexo e faixa etária (45-59 e 60+ anos). Resultados: Os fatores de risco principais com maior prevalência foram a inatividade física (60,3%), a sintomatologia depressiva e a hipertensão arterial (56,7% cada). Dentre os outros fatores, prevaleceram: unilinguismo (98,0%), déficit visual (84,7%), consumo irregular de frutas (60,4%) e de verduras ou legumes (53,5%). Não foram identificadas diferenças entre os sexos. Confirmou-se diferença significativa para a escolaridade e faixa etária, com os idosos apresentando maior prevalência de baixa escolaridade. Conclusão: Os resultados podem guiar intervenções, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento. A prática de atividades físicas e a alimentação devem ser o foco dessas intervenções, auxiliando indiretamente na redução da prevalência de outros fatores. A identificação precoce, o rastreamento e o tratamento adequado de sintomas depressivos, hipertensão arterial e déficit visual também são importantes.
The long-tailed mealybug,
Pseudococcus longispinus
, is an important insect pest in grapevine growing areas in several countries, including Brazil. Metagenomic analysis of nucleic acids extracted ...from insect vectors makes it possible to study the diversity of insect viruses in addition to plant pathogenic viruses. In this study, insects (
Ps. longispinus
) were collected, and pooled throughout a plot of virus disease symptomatic vines, cultivated in growing beds, and analyzed by high throughput sequencing (HTS). The complete genome of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 and 3 (GLRaV-2 and -3) and a partial sequence of grapevine virus A (GVA) with two complete ORFs (coat protein and RNA-binding protein) were assembled from mealybug extracts and exhibited high nucleotide identities, up to 99%, with previously characterized homologous Brazilian isolates from grapevines. This information was validated by the detection of these viruses in the original symptomatic vines (N=76), from where mealybugs were collected, equivalent to an incidence of 34.2%, 89.5% and 36.8% for GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3 and GVA, respectively. Although one of these viruses is not transmitted by mealybugs (GLRaV-2), prospection of plant viruses infecting grapevine plants by analyzing the metagenome of insects could represent a relevant alternative to improve monitoring of viral diseases aiming at the management and control of viral diseases in vineyards or cultivation fields. This work is the first analysis of the
Ps. longispinus
virome in Brazil focusing on grapevine viruses.
To evaluate the influence of facial profile and age on the morphology of the nasopalatine canal.
One hundred thirty-two cone-beam computed tomograms were classified according to facial ...profile—mesofacial, brachyfacial, and dolichofacial—and divided into the following age groups: 21 to 30, 31 to 40, 41 to 50, and 51 to 60 years. Measurements were obtained for openings of the incisive and nasopalatine foramina, alveolar bone thickness, and the full length, most constricted region, and volume of the nasopalatine canal. Intra- and inter-examiner agreements were calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. After exploratory and descriptive analysis, data were subjected to 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey test for comparisons between facial profiles and age groups. The significance level was 5% (α = 0.05).
Intra- and inter-examiner reproducibilities were excellent for all measurements. Patients older than 50 years presented a significantly larger nasopalatine canal than patients 21 to 30 years old for all facial profiles (P ≤ .05). Linear measurements obtained from the nasopalatine canal showed no significant difference between facial profiles and age groups (P > .05).
The nasopalatine canal was not influenced by facial profile but did exhibit an increased volume with aging, particularly after 50 years of age.
Recent advances in molecular genetics have enabled to determine the genetic causes of non-syndromic hearing loss, and more than 100 genes have been related to the phenotype. Due to this extraordinary ...genetic heterogeneity, a large percentage of patients remain without any molecular diagnosis. This condition imply the need for new methodological strategies in order to detect a greater number of mutations in multiple genes. In this work, we optimized and tested a panel of 86 mutations in 17 different genes screened using a high-throughput genotyping technology to determine the molecular etiology of hearing loss.
The technology used in this work was the MassARRAY iPLEX® platform. This technology uses silicon chips and DNA amplification products for accurate genotyping by mass spectrometry of previous reported mutations. The generated results were validated using conventional techniques, as direct sequencing, multiplex PCR and RFLP-PCR.
An initial genotyping of control subjects, showed failures in 20 % of the selected alterations. To optimize these results, the failed tests were re-designed and new primers were synthesized. Then, the specificity and sensitivity of the panel demonstrated values above 97 %. Additionally, a group of 180 individuals with NSHL without a molecular diagnosis was screened to test the diagnostic value of our panel, and mutations were identified in 30 % of the cases. In 20 % of the individuals, it was possible to explain the etiology of the HL. Mutations in GJB2 gene were the most prevalent, followed by other mutations in in SLC26A4, CDH23, MT-RNR1, MYO15A, and OTOF genes.
The MassARRAY technology has the potential for high-throughput identification of genetic variations. However, we demonstrated that optimization is required to increase the genotyping success and accuracy. The developed panel proved to be efficient and cost-effective, being suitable for applications involving the molecular diagnosis of hearing loss.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To evaluate the acute effects of a session of water-based aerobic exercise on the blood lipid levels of women with dyslipidemia and to compare these results according to their training status.
...Fourteen premenopausal women with dyslipidemia, aged 40–50 years, participated in two water-based aerobic exercise sessions, the first when they were generally sedentary and the second after they were trained with a water-based aerobic training program for 12 weeks. Both experimental sessions were performed using the same protocol, lasted 45 min, and incorporated an interval method, alternating 3 min at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 13 and 2 min at an RPE of 9. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) were obtained through venous blood collection before and immediately after each session. A generalized estimating equation method and Bonferroni tests were conducted (with time and training status as factors) for statistical analyses.
At enrollment, the mean age of the participants was 46.57 years (95% confidence interval CI 44.81−48.34). The statistical analyses showed a significant time effect for all variables (TC: p=0.008; TG: p=0.012; HDL: p<0.001; LPL: p<0.001) except for LDL (p=0.307). However, the training status effect was not significant for any variable (TC: p=0.527; TG: p=0.899; HDL: p=0.938; LDL: p=0.522; LPL: p=0.737). These results indicate that the TC and TG levels reduced and the HDL and LPL concentrations increased from pre- to post-session in similar magnitudes in both sedentary and trained women.
A single water-based aerobic exercise session is sufficient and effective to beneficially modify the lipid profile of women with dyslipidemia, regardless of their training status.
•Transcriptomic alterations in folate metabolism in different intestinal segments were found after gastric bypass.•After gastric bypass, the expression of genes involved in intestinal folate ...transport and biosynthesis pathways were decreased and increased, respectively.•Folate intake and systemic folate levels decreased after gastric bypass.•Plasma folate levels correlated inversely with duodenum FOLR2 and SHMT2 genes.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) promotes sustained weight loss, and the resulting new gastrointestinal anatomy can contribute to nutritional depletions. Folate deficiency is one of the most frequently observed nutritional deficiencies after RYGB. The aim of this study was to assess whether RYGB affects the expression of genes related to the intestinal folate metabolism pathway as an additional molecular mechanism contributing to its postoperative deficiency.
Biopsies from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 20 obese women were collected before and 3 mo after RYGB. The expression of genes involved in intestinal folate metabolism was assessed by microarray and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Folate intake (7-d food record) and plasma levels (electrochemiluminescence) also were measured.
Compared with the preoperative phase, transcriptomic alterations were observed in all intestinal segments studied after RYBG, mainly marked by decreased expression of genes encoding folate transporters/receptors and increased expression of genes involved in folate biosynthesis (P < 0.05). Reduced folate intake and plasma folate levels were also observed simultaneously (P < 0.05). Plasma folate concentrations correlated inversely with intestinal FOLR2 and SHMT2 genes (P < 0.001).
The present findings suggested that impaired expression of genes related to intestinal folate metabolism may contribute to the early systemic deficiency after RYGB and highlight a potential transcriptomic reprogramming of the intestine in response to RYGB to compensate for folate depletion induced by this surgical technique.
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