Rad prikazuje najznačajniji sukob dviju europskih velesila izvan Europe. Zato se često u literaturi taj sukob navodi kao prvi svjetski rat jer se osim na europskom tlu odvijao i u Sjevernoj Americi i ...Aziji. U ovom radu naglasak je stavljen na zbivanja na američkom tlu jer su se dosadašnja istraživanja i radovi uglavnom bili usmjereni na bitke i procese u Europi jer su imali najizravniji utjecaj na politička zbivanja (ne samo politička) u navedenim državama.
Najznačajnija faza sukoba između Engleske i Francuske u Sjevernoj Americi bio Francuski – indijanski rat (poznat u Europi pod nazivom Sedmogodišnji rat). Taj je sukob počeo kad je jedna skupina Virdžinijaca poslala izviđače preko Apalačijskoga gorja u gornju dolinu rijeke Ohio radi trgovine s Indijancima i kupnje zemlje. Francuzi su odgovorili izgradnjom niza malih utvrda na gornjem Ohiju. Mladi je George Washington, odaslan na čelu jedne skupine virdžinijske civilne garde godine 1754., stigao prekasno da spriječi izgradnju utvrde Duquesne na rukavcima rijeke Ohio, na mjestu budućega grada Pittsburgha. Francuzi su ga odbili i rat je počeo, iako nije bio službeno objavljen u tijeku dvije sljedeće godine.
Sve su veće europske sile ubrzo bile uvučene u rat. U početku su se stvari odvijale loše za Engleze u Americi i drugdje. Vojska generala Edwarda Braddocka bila je potučena nekoliko milja od utvrde Duquesne, što je cijelu granicu otvorilo francuskim i indijanskim udarima koji su trajali nekoliko godina. Činilo se da Englezi nemaju nikakve opće strategije, a kolonije nije bilo moguće prisiliti da odano i zanosno pridonose ratnim naporima. Predstavnici osam kolonija, koji su se sastali na takozvanom Kongresu u Albanyju godine 1754., odobrili su dalekovidni plan Benjamina Franklina za međukolonijalnu obranu i jedinstvo, ali taj prvi plan za dobrovoljno ujedinjenje nije uspio zadobiti potporu ni kralja ni kolonijalnih skupština. No, njegove postavke nisu bile izgubljene za buduće naraštaje pobunjenika, koji će se iznova, u tijeku imperijalne krize koja je uslijedila nakon rata s Francuskom, baviti planovima stvaranja čvršće unije.
Situacija se dramatično promijenila godine 1757., kad je odlučni William Pitt preuzeo vodstvo nad engleskim ratnim naporima. Postavljajući osvajanje Kanade za svoj krajnji cilj, Pitt je organizirao niz ofenziva koje su dosegle vrhunac zauzimanjem Quebeca godine 1759. Do završetka rata u Europi Englezi su bili pobjednici posvuda. Pariškim je mirom (1763.) Engleska dobila francusku Kanadu i španjolsku Floridu, kao i Indiju i druga područja. Louisiana je od Francuza prešla u posjed Španjolaca.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća javlja se potreba za organizacijom društvenog života i gospodarskih aktivnosti zbog očuvanja okoliša ...i svih prirodnih sastavnica. Iako su se počele provoditi određene mjere koje idu u cilju smanjenja ljudskog opterećenja na prirodne sastavnice okoliša to ipak nije dovoljno. Na području Republike Hrvatske jedno od najznačajnijih područja pritiska jest usko srednjodalmatinsko priobalje koje je područje druge najveće konurbacije u Hrvatskoj, koja se proteže od Trogira do Omiša. U radu su evidentirani i objašnjeni raznoliki pritisci na pojedine sastavnice prirodnog okoliša. Najveći utjecaj na zrak je zbog djelovanja cementne industrije, ali kakvoća zraka je i dalje zadovoljavajuće zbog brojnih procedura i kontrola prilikom proizvodnih procesa. Najveći je pritisak na morski okoliš, prije svega zbog brojnih turista i gustog prometa koji se odvija u srednjodalmatinskom akvatoriju tijekom ljetne sezone. Opterećenje je i ispuštanje otpadnih i industrijskih voda, a evidentirani su brojni ilegalni ispusti. Kakvoća morske vode je iz godine u godinu poboljšana, što je evidentno iz rezultata praćenja kakvoće morske vode za kupanje. Posebno se poboljšalo stanje u Kaštelanskom zaljevu zbog provođenje Eko-kaštelanskog projekta. Kakvoća kopnenih voda je ugrožena na pojedinim lokacijama, posebice na pojedinim područjima rijeke Žrnovnice i Jadro. Najveći pritisak na tok rijeke Cetine je zbog ispuštanja otpadnih voda iz domaćinstava. Kakvoća i površina tla se znatno promijenila posljednih desetljeća na području srednjodalmatinskog priobalja. Najveća površina obradivog tla je na zapadnom dijelu istraživanog područja, odnosno na područja Kaštelanskog polja gdje je utvrđeno da se obradiva površina znatno smanjila. Analizom bitemporalnih snimki utvrđene su znatne promjene okoliša u gotovo svim većim naseljima na obali.- Over the past few decades, the world has undergone significant changes that are mainly caused by human activity. These changes are usually reflected positively on the standard of living of a large number of people, while at the same time the environmental situation grew worse. People in different ways perceive the environment they belong to, because it is conditioned by their primary and secondary needs. This can be clarified on the example of modern society, but also a number of communities in the past. If living space is abundant in natural resources of drinking water and a variety of other resources (eg. wood, stone, etc.) society sees it affirmatively because it provides them with the most necessary resources to carry out normal daily activities and meeting basic needs. This means that the community should not greatly modify the environment in order to enhance their living conditions. In short, the modern state of the environment is the result of the human desire to fulfill all needs. Object of research are contemporary environmental changes of Dalmatian central coast and its transformation and degradation under the influence of modern geographic processes, especially littoralization, simultaneous and often interrelated deagrarization, urbanization and apartmanization. Originally investigate how natural and geographical factors and processes affecting the elements of the environment and how it changes, and then explored the influences of contemporary socio-economic processes in the environment in which the accent is placed on the importance of population and coastal economic activities, particularly tourism and related tourism carrying capacity of a given area. In particular, it explores those elements of the nature that are most affected by human activities or those components that are ultimately crucial for normal functioning of the human community. The focus of research is the population, and human activities and the deployment of people and the consequential implications for the space that belongs to. The goal of the research is to analyze the impact of contemporary social and geographical processes, especially littoralization, the transformation of the natural components of the environment of the central Dalmatian coast and finding geographical aspects and the main reasons of intensive littoralization. It is necessary to explain the physical changes of natural components of the environment as a result of numerous social activities and processes, and determine the correlation between human activities and functions, and environmental degradation. Other socio-geographical processes like depopulation and deruralization are more pronounced in the hinterland of the coastal municipalities and deagrarization that is present on the coast and in the hinterland. The actual level and intensity of various anthropogenic interventions into the environment is more important than the period before World War II, while the biggest problem is that modern science can not yet predict the full consequences of what society makes on the environment today. Human impact is crucial for the sustainability of natural ecosystems, and ecosystems are affecting the quality of life of people. Numerous data such as population growth and the development of industry and tourism has proven hypothesis that littoralization on the central dalmatian coastal area affected the transformation of the coastal area. In addition, one of the hypothesis is that littoralization polarized central Dalmatia because demographic base of hinterland and the islands in modern times weakened considerably as in combination with the natural decline of the population affected by the gradual reduction of the number of inhabitants. Due to the complexity of the problem it is necessary to multidisciplinary study of the environment. Without knowledge of chemistry, biology, ecology, history and geography, it is impossible to study the environmental situation and make useful guidelines. It is positive that the proportion of built area in Croatia and in the central coastal region is still acceptable. The biggest drawback is the uneven construction and expansion of artificial surfaces. An example of this is precisely the central Dalmatian coastline where the share of the constructed, artificial surfaces is significantly higher on a narrow strip along the coastline. Interestingly, although in modern times there is a tendency of reducing the number of inhabitants of central Dalmatia artificial surface are increasing. From this it follows that the population in modern times has ever increasing demands in terms of taking up space. Various forms of evaluation of geological fundamentals are still current even though they had a significant role in the time of industrialization after World War II. Taking advantage of the stone, marl and bitumen defiles the air and inland waters nearby. These activities resulted in soil degradation, changes of landforms and visual changes. Because social activities have occurred microclimate changes occurred also due to emissions into the atmosphere causing deterioration in air quality. The state of the marine environment and the quality of the sea are one of the main indicators of the littoralization impact on the central coastal areas due to the rapid increase in population after the Second World War. Industrialization and development of tourism has increased the burden on the marine environment. The greatest damage to the state of the marine environment inflicted industrial activity due to discharge of untreated industrial waste water, irrational fishing and intensive maritime traffic. In modern times a great impact on the marine environment is shipping, in particular cruise ships that discharge ballast water that lead to the spread of non-native species. In addition, cruise ships discharge gray and black waste water. For a long time sea was perceived as unlimited receptor for all sorts of waste, but the awareness is slowly changing. Although today there are a large number of cases of waste disposal into the sea, the quality has to be improved, especially in the Bay of Kaštela. To maintain the number of marine ecosystems it is necessary to prevent silting of the sea, which was very widespread in the central coastal region, especially due to the construction of industrial plants such as Jugovinil, the construction of the breakwater and harbor. The state of inland waters is satisfying, especially the water quality of the river Cetina. Different activities due to the increase in population and economic activity have left their effects on the state of inland waters because of discharge of urban waste water into the river, agricultural activities and traffic. Harmful agricultural activities such as irrational use of protective equipment have led to the leakage in to the underground which affected the state of ground water which consequently can cause problems in the quality of water supply. Pollution and water pollution took place due to the disposal of waste containing harmful substances. The greatest load on the aquatic environment was caused by the discharge of waste water from households, while agriculture and industry have a smaller impact. It is positive that the discharge of waste water into public sewerage systems is increasing, especially in the Kaštela and the Split area. The greatest load on the water supply system, and therefore the aquatic environment and the availability of water is more pronounced in the summer months due to the increase in the number of users. In certain areas during the summer water consumption is 300% higher than winter consumption. The biggest lacks of water supply systems is big water loss. Estimated state of waters of the central coast is satisfying. The biggest problem is at the source of rivers Jadro and Žrnovnica due to discharges of urban waste water. The ecological status of the central part of the Adriatic is still satisfying. Quality was excellent for the most places, except for a few locations in the Bay of Kaštela.
Doxycycline-induced esophageal ulcers (DIEU) are rarely observed in endoscopy units. On the other hand doxycycline itself has been claimed as an offending drug in 1/4 out of about 1000 cases of drug ...induced esophageal ulcers reported in the literature so far. In this article we present two patients with typical history and endoscopic features of esophageal ulcers as an consequence of doxycycline therapy. The therapy consisted of doxycycline withdrawal along with treatment with proton pump inhibitors and sucralfate which had led to disappearance of chest discomfort within one week period. Fourteen days of the tratment beginning complete recovery of the mucosal defects has occurred in both patients. In conclusion, in case of chest pain and painful swallowing occurring in a person who takes doxycycline, DIEU has to be considered followed by the esophagoscopy which would confirm clinical suspicious with high specificity leading to correct diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
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