CentOS Linux for the ATLAS MUCTPI Upgrade Spiwoks, R.; Armbruster, A.; Czodrowski, P. ...
IEEE transactions on nuclear science,
08/2021, Letnik:
68, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A new Muon-to-Central-Trigger Processor Interface (MUCTPI) was built as part of the upgrade of the ATLAS Level-1 trigger system for the next Run of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The MUCTPI has ...208 high-speed optical serial links for receiving muon candidates from the muon trigger detectors. Three high-end field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are used for real-time processing of the muon candidates, for sending trigger information to other parts of the trigger system, and for sending summary information to the data acquisition and monitoring system. A System-on-Chip (SoC) is used for the control, configuration, and monitoring of the hardware and the operation of the MUCTPI. The SoC consists of an FPGA part and a processor system (PS). The FPGA part provides communication with the processing FPGAs, while the PS runs software for communication with the run-control system of the ATLAS experiment. In this article, we will describe our experience with running CentOS Linux on the SoC. Cross-compilation together with the existing framework for building the ATLAS trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) software is being used in order to allow the deployment of the TDAQ software directly on the SoC.
Abstract
The Muon-to-Central Trigger Processor Interface was completely redesigned as part of the ATLAS Level-1 trigger upgrade for Run 3 of the Large Hadron Collider. The new system is implemented ...as a single AdvancedTCA module, using three large state-of-the-art FPGAs and high-density fiber-optic modules. Trigger information from the muon trigger detectors are received through 208 high speed links, while 60 links are used to send processed trigger information to the L1 Topological Trigger Processor and the Central Trigger Processor. Extensive integration tests with all input and output systems have shown that the data transfer is stable and reliable. We present results from integration tests with connected sub-systems as well as commissioning of the Muon-to-Central Trigger Processor Interface in the ATLAS experiment.
Abstract
The ATLAS trigger system includes a Level-1 (L1) trigger based on custom electronics and firmware, and a high-level software trigger running on off-the-shelf hardware. The L1 trigger system ...uses information from the forward detectors, the calorimeters and the muon trigger detectors. Once information from all muon trigger sectors has been received, trigger candidate multiplicities are calculated by the Muon-to-Central-Trigger-Processor Interface (MUCTPI). Muon multiplicity information is sent to the Central-Trigger-Processor (CTP) and trigger objects are sent to the L1 Topological Trigger Processor (L1Topo). The CTP combines the information received from the MUCTPI with the trigger information from the forward detectors, the calorimeters and the L1Topo, and takes the L1 trigger decision. As part of the ATLAS L1 trigger system upgrade for Run-3 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) a new MUCTPI has been designed and commissioned. We discuss the commissioning and operation of the new MUCTPI used in ATLAS from the beginning of Run-3. In particular, we describe the integration tests which have been carried out for the commissioning and operation of the new MUCTPI.
The ATLAS Central Trigger Processor (CTP) is responsible for forming the Level-1 trigger decision based on the information from the calorimeter and muon trigger processors. In order to cope with the ...increase of luminosity and physics cross-sections in Run 2, several components of this system have been upgraded. In particular, the number of usable trigger inputs and trigger items have been increased from 160 to 512 and from 256 to 512, respectively. The upgraded CTP also provides extended monitoring capabilities and allows to operate simultaneously up to three independent combinations of sub-detectors with full trigger functionality, which is particularly useful for commissioning, calibration and test runs. The software has also undergone a major upgrade to take advantage of all these new functionalities. An overview of the commissioning and the operation of the upgraded CTP during the LHC Run 2 is given.
The ATLAS detector has been designed for operation at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. ATLAS includes electromagnetic and hadronic liquid argon calorimeters, with almost 200,000 channels of data ...that must be sampled at the LHC bunch crossing frequency of 40 MHz. The calorimeter electronics calibration and readout are performed by custom electronics developed specifically for these purposes. This paper describes the system performance of the ATLAS liquid argon calibration and readout electronics, including noise, energy and time resolution, and long term stability, with data taken mainly from full-system calibration runs performed after installation of the system in the ATLAS detector hall at CERN.
The increased energy and luminosity of the LHC in the run-2 data taking period requires a more selective trigger menu in order to satisfy the physics goals of ATLAS. Therefore the electronics of the ...central trigger system is upgraded to allow for a larger variety and more sophisticated trigger criteria. In addition, the software controlling the central trigger processor (CTP) has been redesigned to allow the CTP to accommodate three freely configurable and separately operating sets of sub detectors, each independently using the almost full functionality of the trigger hardware. This new approach and its operational advantages are discussed as well as the hardware upgrades.
This study compares the relative influences of physiography and anthropogenic pressures on river biota at catchment, riparian corridor, and reach scales. Environmental data, catchment and riparian ...corridor land use, anthropogenic modifications and biological data were compiled for 301 French sites sampled from 2005 to 2008. First, relationships between anthropogenic pressures and fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages were analysed using redundancy analysis. Second, the influences of physiography and the three scales of human pressures on biological assemblages were measured using variance partitioning. Distributions of fish and macroinvertebrate taxa along the pressure gradients agreed with bio-ecological knowledge. At the reach scale, assemblage variability among the 301 French sites was related to the presence of an impoundment and to poor water quality, while at larger scales it was linked to a gradient from forest to agricultural covers. In addition, a large proportion of the explained variability in assemblage composition was related to complex interactions among factors (~40%) and to physiographic variables (~30%). Furthermore, our results highlight that catchment land use better reflects local water quality impairments than hydromorphological degradations. Finally, this study supports the idea that human pressure effects on river communities are linked at several spatial scales and must be considered jointly.
The new Muon-Central-Trigger-Processor Interface(MUCTPI) is part of the Phase-I upgrade of the ATLAS Level-1trigger system for Run 3 of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.The new MUCTPI has three ...high-end FPGAs and one System-on-Chip (SoC). The FPGAs receive and process muon candidateinformation arriving on 208 high-speed optical serial links.Processed trigger information and summary data are sent to otherparts of the trigger and the data acquisition. The SoC controls,configures and monitors the hardware and the operation of theMUCTPI. The FPGA part of the SoC provides communicationwith the processing FPGAs, while the processor system runssoftware for communication with the run control system of theATLAS experiment. All software necessary to run the MUCTPI,including operating system and run control software is being builtusing continuous integration. CentOS Linux, cross-compilationand the existing framework for building of the ATLAS trigger anddata acquisition (TDAQ) software are being used in order todeploy the TDAQ software directly on the SoC. After thesuccessful use of continuous integration of the software, also thefirmware is being built using that scheme. This paper describes theadvantages of the use of continuous integration, our experience, aswell as the difficulties that needed to be overcome.
Bullous paraneoplastic acrokeratosis Schoeffler, A; Sagot, V; Marzin, A ...
Annales de dermatologie et de vénéréologie,
2006 Jun-Jul, Letnik:
133, Številka:
6-7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Bullous lesions of acral distribution are an uncommon finding in Bazex's syndrome (acrokeratosis paraneoplastica). We report here one of these rare cases.
A 65 year-old-man, an alcoholic and a ...smoker, presented with characteristic lesions of Bazex's acrokeratosis paraneoplastica associated with a right cervical lymph node mass. An epidermoid carcinoma of sinus piriformis was then discovered. The acrokeratosis lesions worsened and spread to the knees, elbows, trunk and genitalia, with an erosive aspect, pain in the extremities, and tender, hemorrhagic bullous lesions on the toes and sides of the feet. Histological examination of a biopsy sample showed a subepidermal blister with numerous eosinophilic leucocytes. Direct immuno-fluorescence showed C3 deposits on dermal capillaries and IgA and IgM on colloid bodies in the papillary dermis. Blood eosinophilia and high levels of IgE were noted. Indirect immunofluorescence was negative for anti-epidermal and anti-basement membrane antibodies. Radiation and chemotherapy for the neoplasia resulted in healing of the bullous lesions and almost complete disappearance of keratotic squamous lesions with residual hyperpigmentation.
Although bullous lesions are rare in Bazex's syndrome (acrokeratosis paraneoplastica), they were noted as early as 1968 by Degos et al. These acral bullae mimic autoimmune bullous disease. An immunological reaction is thought to occur with antigens of the dermal-epidermal junction and eosinophils appear to be involved.
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