Multifragmentation of a "fused system" was observed for central collisions between 32 MeV/nucleon 129Xe and (nat)Sn. Most of the resulting charged products were well identified due to the high ...performances of the INDRA 4pi array. Experimental higher-order charge correlations for fragments show a weak but nonambiguous enhancement of events with nearly equal-sized fragments. Supported by dynamical calculations in which spinodal decomposition is simulated, this observed enhancement is interpreted as a "fossil" signal of spinodal instabilities in finite nuclear systems.
Surface-acoustic-wave resonators (SAWRs) have found widespread usage in various modern consumer radio frequency (RF) communications electronics, such as cellular phones, wireless devices, GPS ...devices, frequency control, and sensing applications. External mechanical vibrations modify an SAWR relative dimensions and the substrate's elastic properties, which alter the device's acoustic wave propagation velocity and ultimately cause the SAWR RF response to change. Detecting vibrations are desirable for dynamic strain or vibration sensing applications, whereas external mechanical excitations can result in spurious signals which compromise SAW-based filters and oscillators used in RF communication, frequency control, and sensors targeting measurands such as temperature and pressure. Therefore, understanding and characterizing the SAWR's response to external vibration is relevant for establishing device operation, and assisting in device design and packaging to either mitigate the impact of vibrations for RF communications and frequency control or enhance the SAWR response for sensor applications. This paper presents an in-phase and quadrature demodulation technique ( I-Q technique) to detect, quantify, and analyze the effect of externally induced mechanical vibrations on an SAWR. The I-Q technique disclosed reveals that the mechanical vibrations cause both frequency and amplitude modulations of the SAWR RF response, which can be separated by this technique. Furthermore, the procedure also allows the direct measurement of vibration frequencies and vibration magnitude. The technique, measured results, and analysis established here provide a better understanding of the impact of external mechanical vibrations on an SAWR response, which is important in contemporary communications, frequency control, and sensing applications.
Households obtaining health care services in developing countries incur substantial costs, despite services generally being provided free of charge by public health institutions. This constitutes an ...economic burden on low-income households, and contributes to deepening their level of poverty. In addition to the economic burden of obtaining health care, the method of financing these payments has implications for the distribution of household assets. This effect on resource-poor households is amplified since they have decreased access to health insurance. Recent literature, however, ignores the importance of the method of financing health care payments. This paper looks at the case of Nepal and highlights the impact on households of paying for hospital-based care of Kala-azar (KA) by analysing the catastrophic, impoverishment and economic consequences of their coping strategies. The paper utilizes micro-data on a random selection of 50% of the KA-affected households of Siraha and Saptari districts of Nepal. The empirical results suggest that direct costs of hospital-based treatment of KA are catastrophic since they consume 17% of annual household income. This expenditure causes more than 20% of KA-affected households to fall below the poverty line, with the remaining households being pushed into the category of marginal poor; the poverty gap ratio is more than 90%. Further, KA incidence can have prolonged and severe economic consequences for the household economy due to the mechanisms of informal sector financing to which households resort. A heavy burden of loan repayments can lead households on a downward spiral that eventually becomes a poverty trap. In other words, the method of financing health care payments is an important ingredient in understanding the economic burden of disease.
Industrial monitoring and process control, power plants, aerospace industry, military equipment manufacturing, oil and gas industries are examples of businesses in need for high-temperature and ...harsh-environment electronic components and systems. In particular, resonators and filters that operate beyond the 125°C military range upper limit, normally dictated by silicon-based semiconductor devices, are required in applications which demand frequency control, clocking and sensors. In this Letter, temperature compensated surface acoustic wave orientations appropriate for the fabrication of resonators and filters >125°C have been identified through numerical calculations and experimentally confirmed on a commercially available langasite wafer, a piezoelectric crystal which operates at high temperatures. Resonator filters have been designed, fabricated and tested along two orientations, confirming the zero temperature sensitivities at 150 and 300°C. These devices are of great interest for modern harsh environment frequency control, timing and sensor applications.
Ar + Ni and Ni + Ni collisions are investigated between 32 and around 100A MeV incident energy with the 4π multidetector INDRA. Fusion cross-sections are found to decrease from ˜ 180mb at 32A MeV to ...zero above 50A MeV. Other experimental results, for light systems, are compared. Moreover, theoretical works are discussed and fusion cross-sections, calculated from two dynamical simulations based on nuclear Boltzmann equation (Boltzmann-Nordheim-Vlasov and Landau-Vlasov models), are also compared to experimental results.
•New SAWR dynamic strain detection technique for high-temperature harsh-environments.•Detection technique revealed for the first time co-existence of FM and AM.•Simultaneous quantification of ...frequency & magnitude of dynamic strain signal.•Capable of wireless, battery-free operation, powered only by interrogating signal.
High-temperature harsh-environment dynamic strain sensors are needed in multiple contemporary industrial and defense monitoring and control applications, in particular in power plants, metal manufacturing, and aerospace industries. Surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR) technology stands out as an ideal sensor platform due to attractive technological features such as: small size, capability of wireless operation, battery-free operation, and resilience to high-temperatures. The SAWR dynamic strain sensor detection mechanism discussed in this paper reveals that both frequency and magnitude of the dynamic strain signal can be directly measured. Moreover, in-phase and quadrature component analyses of the measured free-resonating SAWR signal exposed to the dynamic strain perturbation show that both frequency and amplitude modulation are present. The results confirm the appropriateness of the SAWR sensor to detect both the frequency and magnitude of dynamic strain, making this technology very attractive for dynamic strain sensor applications, including situations that require wireless operation in high-temperature harsh-environments.
{sup 58}Ni+{sup 58}Ni collisions at 32 MeV/nucleon have been studied with the 4{pi} multidetector INDRA. The evolution from binary (dissipative) collisions to a fusionlike process is evidenced with ...decreasing impact parameter throughout a set of experimental observables within a discriminant analysis. Preequilibrium effects and characteristics of a single-source emission are discussed. A coexistence (bimodality) between two decay mechanisms is pointed out and examined in the context of a multiple-fragment (particle) emission.
Industrial monitoring and process control, power plants, aerospace industry, military equipment manufacturing, oil and gas industries are examples of businesses in need for high-temperature and harsh ...environment electronic components and systems. In particular, resonators and filters that operate beyond the 125°C military range upper limit, normally dictated by silicon-based semiconductor devices, are required in applications which demand frequency control, clocking and sensors. In this Letter, temperature compensated surface acoustic wave orientations appropriate for the fabrication of resonators and filters >125°C have been identified through numerical calculations and experimentally confirmed on a commercially available langasite wafer, a piezoelectric crystal which operates at high temperatures. Resonator filters have been designed, fabricated and tested along two orientations, confirming the zero temperature sensitivities at 150 and 300°C. These devices are of great interest for modern harsh environment frequency control, timing and sensor applications.
A sample of ‘single-source’ events, compatible with the multifragmentation of very heavy fused systems, are isolated among well-measured
155Gd
+
natU 36
A
MeV reactions by examining the evolution of ...the kinematics of fragments with
Z⩾5 as a function of the dissipated energy and loss of memory of the entrance channel. Single-source events are found to be the result of very central collisions. Such central collisions may also lead to multiple fragment emission due to the decay of excited projectile- and target-like nuclei and so-called ‘neck’ emission, and for this reason the isolation of single-source events is very difficult. Event-selection criteria based on centrality of collisions, or on the isotropy of the emitted fragments in each event, are found to be inefficient to separate the two mechanisms, unless they take into account the redistribution of fragments' kinetic energies into directions perpendicular to the beam axis. The selected events are good candidates to look for bulk effects in the multifragmentation process.
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