Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic oral infections that presents different acute and chronic clinical presentations with diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The present ...study carries out a bibliographic review on the therapeutic tools available against oral candidiasis and their usefulness in each clinical situation.
Recent studies on treatment of oral candidiasis were retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane Library.
Nystatin and miconazole are the most commonly used topical antifungal drugs. Both antifungal drugs are very effective but need a long time of use to eradicate the infection. The pharmacological presentations of miconazole are more comfortable for patients but this drug may interact with other drugs and this fact should be assessed before use. Other topical alternatives for oral candidiasis, such as amphotericin B or clotrimazole, are not available in many countries. Oral fluconazole is effective in treating oral candidiasis that does not respond to topical treatment. Other systemic treatment alternatives, oral or intravenous, less used are itraconazole, voriconazole or posaconazole. Available novelties include echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin) and isavuconazole. Echinocandins can only be used intravenously. Isavuconazole is available for oral and intravenous use. Other hopeful alternatives are new drugs, such as ibrexafungerp, or the use of antibodies, cytokines and antimicrobial peptides.
Nystatin, miconazole, and fluconazole are very effective for treating oral candidiasis. There are systemic alternatives for treating recalcitrant infections, such as the new triazoles, echinocandins, or lipidic presentations of amphotericin B.
Perchlorate salts (mostly magnesium and sodium perchlorate) have been detected on Mars' arctic soil by the Phoenix lander, furthermore chloride salts have been found on the Meridiani and Gusev sites ...and on widespread deposits on the southern Martian hemisphere. The presence of these salts on the surface is not only relevant because of their ability to lower the freezing point of water, but also because they can absorb water vapor and form a liquid solution (deliquesce). We show experimentally that small amounts of sodium perchlorate (∼ 1 mg), at Mars atmospheric conditions, spontaneously absorb moisture and melt into a liquid solution growing into ∼ 1 mm liquid spheroids at temperatures as low as 225 K. Also mixtures of water ice and sodium perchlorate melt into a liquid at this temperature. Our results indicate that salty environments make liquid water to be locally and sporadically stable on present day Mars.
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains dopamine neurons intermixed with GABA‐releasing (expressing vesicular GABA transporter, VGaT), glutamate‐releasing (expressing vesicular glutamate ...transporter 2, VGluT2), and glutamate‐GABA co‐releasing (co‐expressing VGluT2 and VGaT) neurons. By delivering INTRSECT viral vectors into the VTA of double vglut2‐Cre/vgat‐Flp transgenic mice, we targeted specific VTA cell populations for ex vivo recordings. We found that VGluT2+ VGaT− and VGluT2+ VGaT+ neurons on average had relatively hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, greater rheobase, and lower spontaneous firing frequency compared to VGluT2− VGaT+ neurons, suggesting that VTA glutamate‐releasing and glutamate‐GABA co‐releasing neurons require stronger excitatory drive to fire than GABA‐releasing neurons. In addition, we detected expression of Oprm1mRNA (encoding µ opioid receptors, MOR) in VGluT2+ VGaT− and VGluT2− VGaT+ neurons, and that the MOR agonist DAMGO hyperpolarized neurons with these phenotypes. Collectively, we demonstrate the utility of the double transgenic mouse to access VTA glutamate, glutamate‐GABA, and GABA neurons to determine their electrophysiological properties.
Significant statement
Some physiological properties of VTA glutamate‐releasing and glutamate‐GABA co‐releasing neurons are distinct from those of VTA GABA‐releasing neurons. µ‐opioid receptor activation hyperpolarizes some VTA glutamate‐releasing and some GABA‐releasing neurons.
VTA glutamate‐GABA co‐releasing neurons are diverse in their physiological properties and share some of those properties with VTA glutamate‐releasing and GABA‐releasing neurons. µ‐opioid receptor activation hyperpolarizes some VTA glutamate‐releasing and some GABA‐releasing neurons.
Dorsal raphe (DR) serotonin neurons provide a major input to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Here, we show that DR serotonin transporter (SERT) neurons establish both asymmetric and symmetric ...synapses on VTA dopamine neurons, but most of these synapses are asymmetric. Moreover, the DR-SERT terminals making asymmetric synapses on VTA dopamine neurons coexpress vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGluT3; transporter for accumulation of glutamate for its synaptic release), suggesting the excitatory nature of these synapses. VTA photoactivation of DR-SERT fibers promotes conditioned place preference, elicits excitatory currents on mesoaccumbens dopamine neurons, increases their firing, and evokes dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. These effects are blocked by VTA inactivation of glutamate and serotonin receptors, supporting the idea of glutamate release in VTA from dual DR SERT-VGluT3 inputs. Our findings suggest a path-specific input from DR serotonergic neurons to VTA that promotes reward by the release of glutamate and activation of mesoaccumbens dopamine neurons.
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•DR serotonin neurons make symmetric or asymmetric synapses on VTA dopamine neurons•DR serotonin-VGluT3 axon terminals make asymmetric synapses on VTA dopamine neurons•VTA activation of DR serotonin terminals elicits excitation of dopamine neurons•VTA photoactivation of SERT fibers promotes CPP and evokes dopamine release in nAcc
Wang et al. identify the ultrastructural and molecular characteristics of synaptic connectivity between DR serotonin neurons and VTA dopamine neurons and determined the role of these connections in behavior. Their results indicate that the DR→VTA serotonergic neurons promote reward by the co-release of glutamate and activation of mesoaccumbens dopamine neurons.
The Internet is a major source of patient information on medical subjects. Several studies have evaluated the content of English medical material for patient use. However, few have focused on ...evaluating other languages, an important gap in a growing Spanish-speaking population. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare English and Spanish online content related to pancreatic cancer treatment. We conducted a Google web search in English and Spanish using the following terms “pancreatic cancer treatment” and “tratamiento cancer de pancreas.” The first 15 educational patient-directed websites for each language were included. Two independent reviewers assessed materials for quality and understandability using the DISCERN and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT)–validated tools. Readability was measured using two standardized tests. Wilcoxon rank sum test and unpaired Student’s
T
-test were used for comparisons. Overall, websites in Spanish and English were understandable and had moderate to high quality. There were no significant differences in quality (
p
= 0.712) and understandability (
p
= 0.069) between languages. Readability level was significantly higher in English (
p
< 0.001) with content being at the university level, while Spanish was at the 12th grade level. Patient-directed online content on pancreatic cancer treatments exceeds the recommended reading level in both languages. Material is understandable with reasonable quality. Health content creators should acknowledge readability for information to be easily comprehended by those with lower health literacy.
Aim
To analyse the prevalence, genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. in northern Spain.
Methods and results
Campylobacter was isolated from 139 samples of broiler ...meat and faecal dropping of broiler and swine with a prevalence of 35·4, 62 and 42·8%, respectively. Campylobacter jejuni (n = 55) and Campylobacter coli (n = 31) were identified by multiplex‐PCR in meat, faeces and human clinical samples while Campylobacter fetus (n = 3) was exclusively detected in the latter. Fingerprinting by flaA‐RFLP and PFGE revealed 68 different genotypes from the 89 isolates with a Biodiversity Simpson’s index of 0·98. The 86·5% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 85·4% to tetracycline and 49·4% to erythromycin; only three genotypes were susceptible to the three antimicrobial drugs. Multidrug resistance was detected in the 40·7% of the isolates.
Conclusions
Campylobacter remains prevalent in northern Spain with a high biodiversity degree. About 93·3% of the isolates were resistant to one or more drugs.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Although different measures are taken to control Campylobacter, the detection of isolates resistant to the drugs used in the treatment of campylobacteriosis is still high, including different species and genotypes. This evidences the need of additional strategies against this pathogen.
We have demonstrated that the annealing process for cleaning pyrite surfaces is a critical parameter in promoting ordering on the surface and driving surface reactivity. Furthermore, we describe a ...spectroscopic surface characterization of the presence or absence of the surface ordering, as indicated by the Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) pattern, as a function of the surface annealing process. Complementary X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) results provide evidence that longer annealing processes of over 3 hours repair the sulfur vacancies in the pyrite, making FeS species partially disappear in favor of FeS
2
species. These features play an important role in molecular adsorption. We show that in the case of the cystine amino acid on the (100) pyrite surface, the substrate structure is responsible for the chemical adsorption form. The presence of an ordered structure on the surface, as indicated by the LEED pattern, favors the cystine NH
3
+
chemical form, whereas the absence of the surface ordering promotes cystine NH
2
adsorption due to the sulfur-deficient surface. The cystine molecule could then act by changing its chemical functionalities to compensate for the iron surface coordination. The chemical molecular adsorption form can be selected by the surface annealing conditions, implying that environmental conditions could drive molecular adsorption on mineral surfaces. These findings are relevant in several surface processes, and they could play a possible role in prebiotic chemistry surface reactions and iron-sulfur scenarios.
The annealing process for pre-treatment of pyrite surfaces is a critical parameter in promoting ordering on the surface and it has chemical implications on the cystine adsorbed molecules.
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