In 2016, the Government of India introduced the oral rotavirus vaccine (ROTAVAC, Bharat Biotech, India) in 4 states of India as part of the Universal Immunization Programme, and expanded to 5 more ...states in 2017. We report four years of data on rotavirus gastroenteritis in hospitalized children < 5 years of age prior to vaccine introduction.
Children from 7 sites in southern and northern India hospitalized for diarrhoea were recruited between July 2012 and June 2016. Stool samples were screened for rotavirus using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The EIA positive samples were genotyped by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.
Of the 5834 samples from the 7 sites, 2069 (35.5%) were positive for rotavirus by EIA. Genotyping was performed for 2010 (97.1%) samples. G1P8(56.3%), G2P4(9.1%), G9P4(7.6%), G9P8(4.2%), and G12P6(3.7%) were the common genotypes in southern India and G1P8(36%), G9P4(11.4%), G2P4(11.2%), G12P6(8.4%), and G3P8(5.9%) in northern India.
The study highlights the high prevalence of rotavirus gastroenteritis in India and the diversity of rotavirus genotypes across different geographical regions. Pre- vaccine surveillance data is necessary to evaluate the potential change in admission rates for gastroenteritis and circulating rotavirus genotypes after vaccine introduction, thus assessing impact.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In April 2008, a nucleotide-sequence-based, complete genome classification system was developed for group A rotaviruses (RVs). This system assigns a specific genotype to each of the 11 genome ...segments of a particular RV strain according to established nucleotide percent cutoff values. Using this approach, the genome of individual RV strains are given the complete descriptor of Gx-Px-Ix-Rx-Cx-Mx-Ax-Nx-Tx-Ex-Hx. The Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) was formed by scientists in the field to maintain, evaluate and develop the RV genotype classification system, in particular to aid in the designation of new genotypes. Since its conception, the group has ratified 51 new genotypes: as of April 2011, new genotypes for VP7 (G20-G27), VP4 (P28-P35), VP6 (I12-I16), VP1 (R5-R9), VP2 (C6-C9), VP3 (M7-M8), NSP1 (A15-A16), NSP2 (N6-N9), NSP3 (T8-T12), NSP4 (E12-E14) and NSP5/6 (H7-H11) have been defined for RV strains recovered from humans, cows, pigs, horses, mice, South American camelids (guanaco), chickens, turkeys, pheasants, bats and a sugar glider. With increasing numbers of complete RV genome sequences becoming available, a standardized RV strain nomenclature system is needed, and the RCWG proposes that individual RV strains are named as follows: RV group/species of origin/country of identification/common name/year of identification/G- and P-type. In collaboration with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the RCWG is also working on developing a RV-specific resource for the deposition of nucleotide sequences. This resource will provide useful information regarding RV strains, including, but not limited to, the individual gene genotypes and epidemiological and clinical information. Together, the proposed nomenclature system and the NCBI RV resource will offer highly useful tools for investigators to search for, retrieve, and analyze the ever-growing volume of RV genomic data.
TiO
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colloidal nanoparticles and nanocrystals are prepared by hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide employing a surfactant-free synthetic hydrothermal method. The synthesized samples are characterized ...by X-ray diffraction (XRD), HRTEM and FTIR. The XRD study confirms that the size of the colloidal nanoparticle is around 4 nm which the HRTEM analysis indicates the sizes of the colloidal nanoparticles are in the range of 2.5 nm. The fluorescence property of the TiO
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colloidal nanoparticles studied by the emission spectrum confirms the presence of defect levels caused by the oxygen vacancies. We have observed new emission bands at 387 nm,421 nm, 485 nm, 530 nm and 574 nm wavelengths, first one (387 nm) being emission due to annihilation of excitons while remaining four could be arising from surface states. The emission spectrum of annealed nanocrystallites is also having these four band emissions. It is observed that the surface state emission basically consists of two categories of emission.
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) drives the DNA damage response via modulation of multiple signal transduction and DNA repair pathways. Previously, ATM activity was implicated in ...promoting the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway to repair a subset of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs), but how ATM performs this function is still unclear. In this study, we identified that ATM phosphorylates the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a core NHEJ factor, at its extreme C-terminus at threonine 4102 (T4102) in response to DSBs. Ablating phosphorylation at T4102 attenuates DNA-PKcs kinase activity and this destabilizes the interaction between DNA-PKcs and the Ku-DNA complex, resulting in decreased assembly and stabilization of the NHEJ machinery at DSBs. Phosphorylation at T4102 promotes NHEJ, radioresistance, and increases genomic stability following DSB induction. Collectively, these findings establish a key role for ATM in NHEJ-dependent repair of DSBs through positive regulation of DNA-PKcs.
Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at T4102 by ATM promotes NHEJ-mediated DSB repair.
We investigated structural, electronic and optical properties of quasi-one-dimensional barium zinc chalcogenides Ba2ZnS3, Ba2ZnSe3 and Ba2ZnTe3 using density functional theory as implemented in VASP. ...The structures crystallise in the orthorhombic space group D2h16−Pnma and were studied using PBE and HSE06 functionals incorporating van der Waals corrections using DFT-D3 method. It was found that the calculated structures agree well with experimental structures. Electronic structure calculations with HSE06 show that these materials are wide band gap semiconductors with a direct gap at the centre of the Brilluoin zone, the Γ point. Optical properties reveal that the materials exhibit high optical anisotropy with large birefringence.
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•Ba2ZnS3, Ba2ZnSe3 and Ba2ZnTe3 were investigated using density functional theory with PBE and HSE06 functionals.•All materials exhibit quasi-one-dimensional structure with infinite chains of corner sharing ZnX4 distorted tetrahedra.•Electronic structure calculations show that all materials are wide band gap semiconductors with direct band gap.•All materials exhibit high optical anisotropy and large birefringence.
Cardiac amyloidosis is emerging as an underdiagnosed cause of heart failure and mortality. Growing literature suggests that a noninvasive diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is now feasible. However, ...the diagnostic criteria and utilization of imaging in cardiac amyloidosis are not standardized. In this paper, Part 2 of a series, a panel of international experts from multiple societies define the diagnostic criteria for cardiac amyloidosis and appropriate utilization of echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, and radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected cardiac amyloidosis.
•The article focuses on the research works on various sensitizers of DSSC by researchers.•The effect of chemical structure and stereo chemistry on the performance of sensitizers was ...analyzed.•Criteria needed for an efficient sensitizer was also mentioned.
The development of hybrid solar cells such as Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) opens up a new generation of thin film solar cells withhigh performance to cost ratio. They are expected to be one of themost economically viable energy devices, owing to the potential forrealization of flexible and light weight, thin film photovoltaic deviceswith moderate efficiencies and good processability in non-vacuum settings. Sensitizers form the heart of DSSC since they trigger and maintain theelectron transfer processes in a photo electro chemical system by absorbingsolar radiation. This review focuses on recent advances in sensitizersdeveloped/explored elsewhere. A comprehensive analysis of the performanceof various light absorbing sensitizers based on their chemicalstructure, geometry and stereo chemistry is attempted.
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