The purposes of this study were three-fold: (a) to determine acute physiologic responses of spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects to peak levels of leg cycle ergometry utilizing functional neuromuscular ...stimulation (FNS) of paralyzed leg muscles, (b) to determine the relative contributions of passive and active components of FNS cycling to the peak physiologic responses, and (c) to compare these physiologic responses between persons who have quadriplegia and those who have paraplegia. Thirty SCI subjects (17 quadriplegics and 13 paraplegics) performed a discontinuous graded FNS exercise test from rest to fatigue on an ERGYS 1 ergometer. Steady-state physiologic responses were determined by open-circuit spirometry, impedance cardiography with ECG, and auscultation. In the combined statistics of both groups, it was noted that peak FNS cycling significantly increased (from rest levels) mean oxygen uptake by 255%, arteriovenous O
2
difference VO
2
and V
E
, Q and a-vO
2
and VCO by 69%, and Stroke Volume by 45%, While total peripheral vascular resistance decreased by 43%. Mean peak power output for paraplegics (15 W) was significantly higher than for quadriplegics (9 W), eliciting higher peak levels of pulmonary ventilation and sympathetically mediated hemodynamic responses such as cardiac output, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure. Passive cycling without FNS produced no statistically significant increases in physiologic responses above the resting level in either group. (J Am Paraplegia Soc 1990; 13: 33-39)
Twenty-three individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) participated in a 6-month exercise training program; 11 ambulatory (AMB) and 8 semi-ambulatory (SEMI). Four persons with MS served as ...non-exercising controls (C). A test of maximal aerobic power (VO
2max
) was administered at baseline to all subjects. AMB and SEMI subjects exercised on alternating days for 30 minutes, at 55-60% VO
2max
using either a commercially available recumbent or upright combination leg/arm bicycle ergometer. At the end of 12 and 24 weeks, exercising subjects were re-evaluated. The C group was only re-evaluated at 24 weeks. The results show that the AMB and SEMI groups experienced a +20% and +5% improvement in VO
2max
, respectively. The C group averaged a 12% decline in VO
2max
during the 6 months. These data demonstrate the possibility that although exercise improves cardiovascular fitness of some persons with less severe MS, this beneficial response may not apply to the more severely impaired patient. Nevertheless, improved cardiovascular health at any level may enhance the overall rehabilitation outcome of many individuals in this patient population.
Treatment of 6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one-5(4H)-thione (2) with hydroxylamine, hydrazine, methylamine, or benzylamine afforded the corresponding N5-substituted 5-amino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-ones ...3c-f. Refluxing a dioxane solution of 6H-1,2,4-oxiazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (1) with benzylamine or aminodiphenylmethane and hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of ammonium sulfate gave 5-benzylamino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one (3f) and the corresponding 5-diphenylmethylamino derivative 3g. Reaction of 1 with methyl iodide, benzyl chloride, dihydropyran, dihydrofuran, or benzyloxycarbonyl chloride afforded the corresponding 2-substituted 6H-1,2,4-oxadiazine-3,5(2H,4H)-diones 6a-e. Reaction of 2-methyl-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione (6a) or the corresponding 2-benzyl derivative 6b with phosphorus pentasulfide in dioxane gave 2-methyl-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one-5(4H)-thione (8a) and the corresponding 2-benzyl derivative 8b, respectively. Reaction of 8a with ammonia in dioxane afforded 2-methyl-5-amino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one (9). The degree of in vitro activity and the presence of antibacterial activity in the urine of animals given 5-amino-6H-1,2,4-oxadiazin-3(2H)-one (3a) by oral route of administration prompted selection of this compound for further study.
Genetic engineering for bolting resistance in sugar beet Roggen, P.M. van; Debenham, B; Scott, R.W ...
Comptes-Rendus des Congres de l'Institut International de Recherches Betteravieres (Belgium),
(1997), Letnik:
60
Journal Article
Our investigations into flower development and vernalisation requirements of sugar beet aim firstly towards a better understanding of the genetic and hormonal regulation involved, and secondly, ...towards obtaining bolting resistance by genetic engineering. We are especially interested in the role of the plant hormone gibberellin (GA). While isolation of the early flowering gene-homologues CO, LD and LFY is in progress, we have successfully cloned three isozymes of the GA biosynthetic enzymes GA 20-oxidase and one of GA 3 beta-hydroxylase from sugar beet. Down regulation of these genes via anti-sense transformation of sugar beet may lead to bolting resistance, as has been demonstrated successfully in Arabidopsis.
1. Concomitant cervical and thoracic spine fractures are reported in a patient with advanced ankylosing spondylitis (second reported case). 2. The thoracic T9-10 interspace fracture-dislocation was ...grossly unstable, as well as the C7-T1 fracture-dislocation. 3. The higher incidence of cord injury following spinal fracture-dislocations in these patients is discussed. 4. The dangers of inadequate postinjury immobilization in those patients fortunate enough to be neurologically intact following spinal fracture are stressed.
