While numerous theoretical studies exist on microstreaming around acoustically excited, trapped gas bubbles, experimental approaches have mainly been conducted for bubbles attached to a solid ...boundary. One of the main difficulties lies in the positional stability of the microbubble. In the present work we trigger surface modes by bubble coalescence, with the advantage of limiting translational instabilities and controlling the orientation of the axisymmetric deformation. Furthermore, streaming is visualised by fluorescent tracer particles. In this way, bubble dynamics and streaming patterns can be studied together. Different types of streaming patterns are observed and correlated to the respective mode number. Besides the mode number, the bubble size and the phase difference between modal components are identified as important parameters in the definition of the pattern type.
We study numerically joint mixing of salt and colloids by chaotic advection and how salt inhomogeneities accelerate or delay colloid mixing by inducing a velocity drift V(dp) between colloids and ...fluid particles as proposed in recent experiments J. Deseigne et al., Soft Matter 10, 4795 (2014). We demonstrate that because the drift velocity is no longer divergence free, small variations to the total velocity field drastically affect the evolution of colloid variance σ(2) = 〈C(2)〉-〈C〉(2). A consequence is that mixing strongly depends on the mutual coherence between colloid and salt concentration fields, the short time evolution of scalar variance being governed by a new variance production term P = -〈C(2)∇ · V(dp)〉/2 when scalar gradients are not developed yet so that dissipation is weak. Depending on initial conditions, mixing is then delayed or enhanced, and it is possible to find examples for which the two regimes (fast mixing followed by slow mixing) are observed consecutively when the variance source term reverses its sign. This is indeed the case for localized patches modeled as Gaussian concentration profiles.
Imaging the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore using cosmic rays Guardincerri, E; Bacon, J D; Barros, N ...
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences,
12/2018, Letnik:
377, Številka:
2137
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence Cathedral, was built between 1420 and 1436 by architect Filippo Brunelleschi and it is now cracking under its own weight. Engineering efforts are under way ...to model the dome's structure and reinforce it against further deterioration. According to some scholars, Brunelleschi might have built reinforcement structures into the dome itself; however, the only known reinforcement is a wood chain 7.75 m above the springing of the Cupola. Multiple scattering muon radiography is a non-destructive imaging method that can be used to image the interior of the dome's wall and therefore ascertain the layout and status of any iron substructure in it. A demonstration measurement was performed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory on a mock-up wall to show the feasibility of the work proposed, and a lightweight and modular imaging system is currently under construction. We will discuss here the results of the demonstration measurement and the potential of the proposed technique, describe the imaging system under construction and outline the plans for the measurement.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Cosmic-ray muography'.
•We study cavitation in a micro-channel using shadowgraph-like imaging.•Integral length scale lowers as Re increases and it grows once cavitation occurs.•An image correlation algorithm is ...calculated.•The algorithm is used to extract velocity information without seeding particles.•An increase in velocity changes is seen at the channel outlet when cavitation occurs.
Cavitation is generally known for its drawbacks (noise, vibration, damage). However, it may play a beneficial role in the particular case of fuel injection, by enhancing atomization processes or reducing nozzle fouling. Studying cavitation in real injection configuration is therefore of great interest, yet tricky because of high pressure, high speed velocity, small dimensions and lack of optical access for instance. In this paper, the authors proposed a simplified and transparent 2D micro-channel (200–400μm), supplied with test oil at lower pressure (6MPa), allowing the use of non-intrusive and accurate optical measurement techniques. A shadowgraph-like imaging arrangement is presented. It makes it possible to visualize vapour formations as well as density gradients (refractive index gradients) in the liquid phase, including scrambled grey-level structures connected to turbulence. This optical technique has been already discussed in a previous paper (Mauger et al., 2012), together with a Schlieren and an interferometric imaging technique. In this paper, the grey-level structures connected with turbulence are considered more specifically to derive information on flow velocity. The grey-level structure displacement is visualized through couples of images recorded within a very short time delay (about 300ns). At first, space and space–time correlation functions are calculated to characterize the evolution of grey-level structures. Space–time correlations provide structure velocity that slightly under-estimates the real flow velocity deduced from flowmeter measurements. Since the grey-level structures remain correlated in time, a second velocity measurement method is applied. An image correlation algorithm similar to those currently used in Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to extract velocity information, without seeding particles. In addition to the mean velocity of grey-level structures, this second method provides structure velocity fluctuations. In particular, an increase in structure velocity fluctuations is observed at the channel outlet for a critical normalized length of vapour cavities equals to 40–50%, as expected for the real flow velocity fluctuations. The present study is completed by a parametric study on channel height and oil temperature. It is concluded that none of them significantly impact the critical normalized length for which the fluctuation increase is observed, even though the magnitude of these fluctuations is larger for the higher channel.
Abstract
Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are traditionally an integral part of large underground experiments as they measure the light emission from particle interactions within the enclosed detection ...media. The BUTTON experiment will utilise around 100 PMTs to measure the response of different media suitable for rare event searches. A subset of low-radioactivity 10-inch Hamamatsu R7081 PMTs were tested, characterised, and compared to manufacture certification. This manuscript describes the laboratory tests and analysis of gain, peak-to-valley ratio and dark rate of the PMTs to give an understanding of the charge response, signal-to-noise ratio and dark noise background as an acceptance test of the suitability of these PMTs for water-based detectors. Following the evaluation of these tests, the PMT performance agreed with the manufacturer specifications. These results are imperative for modeling the PMT response in detector simulations and providing confidence in the performance of the devices once installed in the detector underground.
Acoustic microstreaming is a nonlinear response of a fluid that undergoes high-amplitude acoustic stimulation and tends to viscously absorb it. The present experimental study investigates the ...generation of acoustic microstreaming induced by an oscillating wall-attached bubble undergoing nonspherical shape modes. From a microscope top view, the formation of particular flow signatures is explored for the main classes of spherical harmonics $Y_{nm}(\theta, \phi )$: zonal ($m = 0 < n$), sectoral ($n = m > 0$) and tesseral ($0 < m < n$) oscillation. The microstreaming induced by a bubble animated by a sectoral mode alone reveals a pattern characterized by a $4n$-lobe flower shape. Tesseral modes give rise to 4m-lobe flower-shaped patterns. Finally, when sectoral and zonal modes coexist, two kinds of pattern stand out: $2n$-lobe flower shape and $n$-pointed star shape. The preferential emergence of one or another streaming pattern is discussed on the basis of the amplitude and phase shift between both shape modes.
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