Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum extends across Southeast Asia where it is associated with worsening partner drug resistance and a decline in the efficacy of frontline ...artemisinin-based combination therapy. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) is an essential component of preventive and curative treatment in the region, but its therapeutic efficacy has fallen in Cambodia.
A prospective clinical and parasitological evaluation of DP was conducted at two sites in Upper Myanmar between August 2013 and December 2014, enrolling 116 patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Patients received DP orally for 3 days together with primaquine 0.25 mg/kg on admission. Parasite clearance half-lives based on 6 hourly blood smears, and day 42 therapeutic responses were assessed as well as parasite K13 genotypes.
Median parasite clearance half-life was prolonged, and clearance half-life was greater than 5 h in 21% of patients. Delayed parasite clearance was significantly associated with mutations in the propeller region of the parasite k13 gene. The k13 F446I mutation was found in 25.4% of infections and was associated with a median clearance half-life of 4.7 h compared with 2.7 h for infections without k13 mutations (p < 0.001). There were no failures after 42 days of follow-up, although 18% of patients had persistent parasitaemia on day 3.
The dominant k13 mutation observed in Upper Myanmar, F446I, appears to be associated with an intermediate rate of parasite clearance compared to other common mutations described elsewhere in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Discerning this phenotype requires relatively detailed clearance measurements, highlighting the importance of methodology in assessing artemisinin resistance.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Examination of 18 cobras brought to three hospitals in the Mandalay Region by patients bitten or spat at by them distinguished 3 monocled cobras (Naja kaouthia) and 15 Mandalay spitting cobras (N. ...mandalayensis), based on their morphological characteristics. We confirm and extend the known distributions and habitats of both N. mandalayensis and N. kaouthia in Upper Myanmar. Clinical symptoms of local and systemic envenoming by N. mandalayensis are described for the first time. These included local swelling, blistering and necrosis and life-threatening systemic neurotoxicity. More information is needed about the clinical phenotype and management of bites by N. mandalayensis, the commoner of the two cobras in Upper Myanmar. Since the current cobra antivenom manufactured in Myanmar has lower pre-clinical efficacy against N. mandalayensis than N. kaouthia, there is a need for more specific antivenom therapy.
•The Mandalay spitting cobra (Naja mandalayensis) is much more common that the monocle cobra (N. kaouthia) in Upper Myanmar.•Injuries caused by spitting of venom and bites were admitted to three hospitals in Mandalay Division.•The known distribution of both species of cobra is extended.•Naja mandalayensis envenoming causes neurotoxicity as well as local tissue damage.•The only available cobra antivenom in Myanmar may not be adequate for treating envenoming by N. mandalayensis.
Energy production of perovskite‐based photovoltaic (PV) technology can be increased not only by improving device efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) but also by innovative concepts such as ...bifacial and tandem configurations which require low‐damage and highly transparent top electrodes. Herein, an amorphous CdO‐In2O3 alloy film with high transparency and low resistivity and its application in a bifacial PVSC and a perovskite/Si 4T tandem solar cell are reported. Due to the high optical transmittance, the CdO‐In2O3‐based PVSC shows a high bifaciality factor of 84.0%, and the CdO‐In2O3‐based perovskite/Si 4T tandem solar cell achieves a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.12%, much higher than the indium tin oxide based tandem cell. Finally, a yearly energy yield calculation and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) analysis for these PV technologies (together with Si single‐junction solar cells as a reference) in Singapore, Australia, and Germany are conducted. The results demonstrate the potential of CdO‐In2O3‐based perovskite PV technologies, yet more efforts are still required to further reduce the manufacturing cost to achieve competitive LCOE values in countries with relatively low PV installation cost.
An amorphous CdO‐In2O3 layer is developed by room‐temperature sputtering technique. Thanks to the optical transmittance, CdO‐In2O3 shows promising potential in the application of perovskite‐based bifacial and tandem solar cells. The semitransparent perovskite solar cell exhibits a high bifaciality factor of 84.0%, and the 4T perovskite/Si tandem cell exhibits an efficiency of 25.12%.
Energy production of perovskite‐based photovoltaic (PV) technology can be increased not only by improving device efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) but also by innovative concepts such as ...bifacial and tandem configurations which require low‐damage and highly transparent top electrodes. Herein, an amorphous CdO‐In
2
O
3
alloy film with high transparency and low resistivity and its application in a bifacial PVSC and a perovskite/Si 4T tandem solar cell are reported. Due to the high optical transmittance, the CdO‐In
2
O
3
‐based PVSC shows a high bifaciality factor of 84.0%, and the CdO‐In
2
O
3
‐based perovskite/Si 4T tandem solar cell achieves a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.12%, much higher than the indium tin oxide based tandem cell. Finally, a yearly energy yield calculation and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) analysis for these PV technologies (together with Si single‐junction solar cells as a reference) in Singapore, Australia, and Germany are conducted. The results demonstrate the potential of CdO‐In
2
O
3
‐based perovskite PV technologies, yet more efforts are still required to further reduce the manufacturing cost to achieve competitive LCOE values in countries with relatively low PV installation cost.
Background Toxoplasmosis, having the significant consequences affecting mortality and quality of life, is still prevalent in various places throughout the world. The major gap in surveillance for ...Toxoplasma gondii infection among high-risk population, slaughterhouse workers, is an obstacle for the effective policies formulation to reduce the burden of toxoplasmosis in Myanmar. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and associated factors of seropositivity among slaughterhouse workers in Yangon Region, Myanmar. Methods A cross-sectional study that was conducted from June to November 2020 included 139 slaughterhouse workers involving at five main slaughterhouses under Yangon City Development Committee, Myanmar. The presence of IgG and IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies in serum was detected using the OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Combo Rapid Test. A face-to-face interview was also performed using pretested structured questionnaires to obtain the detail histories: sociodemographic characteristics, level of knowledge, occupational factors, and environmental factors related to T. gondii infection. Bivariate logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with T. gondii infection. Results Of all participants, the overall seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii was 43.9% (95% CI: 35.5–52.5%), of whom 98.4% (95% CI: 91.2–100.0%) were reactive only for IgG antibody and 1.6% (95% CI: 0.0–8.8%) were reactive for IgG and IgM antibodies. The significant factors associated with the seropositivity of T. gondii antibodies were blood transfusion history (OR: 5.74, 95% CI: 1.17–28.09), low level of knowledge (OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.46–5.83), contact with animal organs, muscles or blood (OR: 14.29, 95% CI: 1.83–111.51), and animals most frequently slaughtered (cattle) (OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.16–8.93). Conclusions A high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was detected among slaughterhouse workers in Yangon Region and it raises a significant public health concern. Therefore, providing health education regarding toxoplasmosis, enforcement of personal hygiene practices in workplaces, the establishment of training for occupational hygiene, and commencement of the risk assessment and serological screening for toxoplasmosis are crucial to curtail the prevalence of T. gondii infection among slaughterhouse workers.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
33 concluded that prolonged use of pyrethroids for malaria control may be one of the causative factors of pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti in Vietnam. Since the abandonment of DDT sprays in ...Vietnam in 1995, a large number of photostable pyrethroids (λ-cyhalothrin, α-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin) have been used to treat the interiors of houses as a residual spray, and to manufacture pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets for malaria control 1, 34-36. Transitional life-prolonging measures for conventional 1st generation pyrethroids that belong to the photo-unstable knockdown agent groups and are used as "spatial repellents" 42, rotational use of plural insecticides with different mode of actions, and basic biochemical and genetic research to support the above strategies, are crucial to the effective management of insecticide resistance.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The study of single cells has evolved over the past several years to include expression and genomic analysis of an increasing number of single cells. Several studies have demonstrated wide spread ...variation and heterogeneity within cell populations of similar phenotype. While the characterization of these populations will likely set the foundation for our understanding of genomic- and expression-based diversity, it will not be able to link the functional differences of a single cell to its underlying genomic structure and activity. Currently, it is difficult to perturb single cells in a controlled environment, monitor and measure the response due to perturbation, and link these response measurements to downstream genomic and transcriptomic analysis. In order to address this challenge, we developed a platform to integrate and miniaturize many of the experimental steps required to study single-cell function. The heart of this platform is an elastomer-based integrated fluidic circuit that uses fluidic logic to select and sequester specific single cells based on a phenotypic trait for downstream experimentation. Experiments with sequestered cells that have been performed include on-chip culture, exposure to various stimulants, and post-exposure image-based response analysis, followed by preparation of the mRNA transcriptome for massively parallel sequencing analysis. The flexible system embodies experimental design and execution that enable routine functional studies of single cells.
Co-infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or hepatitis B virus (HBV) influences the morbidity and mortality of patients with HIV. A cross sectional analysis was of 11,032 HIV-infected ...patients enrolled in the Integrated HIV Care Program from May 2005 to April 2012 and Epi-info 3.5 was used to determine the serological prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The mean ± standard deviation age of patients was 36 ± 8.4 years (adult cohort) and 7 ± 3 years (paediatric cohort). The sero prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C (anti HCV antibodies) and triple infection are 8.7%, 5.3% and 0.35%, respectively. Men who have sex with men are at the highest risk of being co-infected with hepatitis B while intravenous drug users are at the highest risk of being co-infected with hepatitis C. It is important to screen for hepatitis B and C in HIV infected people in order to provide quality care for HIV patients with co-infection.
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