Forty crossbred (Santa Ines × Dorper) male lambs were used to investigate the effect of dietary buriti oil (BOIL) intake on meat quality, fatty acid (FA) composition and sensory attributes. A ...completely randomized design with five BOIL intake levels (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 g/kg DM) was used. Increasing dietary BOIL intake linearly reduced the DMI, slaughter weight, cooking loss, shear force, yellowness, 16:0, c9–18:1 FA concentrations, and the delta-9-desaturase activity index computed using c9–16:1 and 16:0 as product and substrate pair, cis-MUFA and ƩMUFA/ƩSFA ratio of lamb meat (P ≤ 0.05); however, increasing dietary BOIL intake quadratically increased the energy intake, lipid content and linearly increased the total FA intake, chroma, collagen, total BI, 18:0, 20:3n–6 concentration and sensory attributes of lamb meat (P ≤ 0.05), without affecting health indexes regarding fat consumption. BOIL addition at levels above 24 g/kg DM in lamb diet reduces growth, however, improves tenderness, flavor and “goat” aroma intensity and slightly changes meat FA levels, promoting better acceptance by panelists.
•Feeding Buriti oil to lambs increased the 18:0 and decreased the 16:0 of meat.•Feeding Buriti oil to lambs decreased the yellowness, shear force and goaty aroma of meat.•Feeding Buriti oil to lambs decreased the “goaty” flavor.•Lambs fed with BOIL had better “goaty” flavor and aroma intensity in meat.
We investigated the effect of including palm kernel cake (PKC) at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg
in the diet of lactating goats on the quality and sensory parameters of Minas Frescal cheese. ...Twelve goats were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary addition of PKC was associated with a reduction in moisture (
= 0.004), which compromised the cheese yield (
= 0.030). The ether extract content showed a quadratic response. There was a decrease in caproic (
= 0.014), caprylic (
= 0.011), capric (
= 0.003) and palmitic (
= 0.049) acids and an increase in lauric (
= 0.012) and myristic (
= 0.02) acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids increased (
= 0.008), whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (
= 0.022) and thrombogenicity index (
= 0.023) decreased. Principal component analysis indicated that control treatment and the treatment with 80 g kg
PKC were the most acceptable to the cheese tasters. The use of palm kernel cake is a good alternative for lactating goats when added to the diet at levels up to 80 g kg
.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A better understanding of the nutritional requirements of sheep, especially in terms of minerals, is crucial for improving production. We estimated the net requirements for Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na for ...gain (NCa
, NP
, NK
, NMg
, and NNa
) and maintenance (NCa
, NP
, NK
, NMg
, and NNa
) in male and female hair sheep. Six datasets with 248 individual records of hair sheep (139 non-castrated males, 75 castrated males and 34 females) were used to estimate the net macromineral requirements for gain. To estimate the net macromineral requirements for maintenance, 52 observations (26 non-castrated and 26 castrated males) were used. A meta-analytical approach was applied, using non-linear mixed effects models and the study as a random effect. Based on information criteria for model selection, heterogeneous variance functions were more likely to describe mineral requirements with a low level of model selection uncertainty. The adopted criteria allowed the choice of the best models to represent the macromineral requirements. The chosen models explained the observed variability in the sex, and the choices were based on a low level of uncertainty (w ≥ 0.90). Irrespective of sex, NCa
and NP
decreased with increasing BW from 10 to 30 kg and average daily gain (ADG) of 150 g/day, ranging from 1.71-1.38; 1.83-1.57; 1.82-1.51 of Ca and 0.86-0.66; 0.92-0.78; 0.92-0.75 of P for non-castrated males, castrated males, and females, respectively. The NK
remained constant, with mean values of 0.26 g/day. The NNa
range was 0.17 to 0.14 g/day for non-castrated males, 0.20 to 0.25 g/day for females, and constant (0.18 g/day) for castrated males with an increase in BW from 10 to 30 kg and an ADG of 150 g/day. Macromineral requirements for maintenance (mg/kg BW) and retention (%) were 23.70 and 54.30 for Ca, 25.33 and 79.80 for P, 11.74 and 5.00 for K, 2.63 and 8.50 for Mg, and 7.01 and 8.10 for Na for males. The International Committees did not provide inferences about the sex influence on mineral requirements. Our study indicates that sex is one factor that influences the macromineral requirements for gain. The information generated in this study can be used to optimize the mineral management of hair sheep in the growing phase in tropical regions.
Water is perhaps the most ubiquitous, and the most essential, of any molecule on earth. Indeed, it defies the imagination of even the most creative science fiction writer to picture what life would ...be like without water. Despite decades of research, however, water's puzzling properties are not understood and 63 anomalies that distinguish water from other liquids remain unsolved. We introduce some of these unsolved mysteries, and demonstrate recent progress in solving them. We present evidence from experiments and computer simulations supporting the hypothesis that water displays a special transition point (which is not unlike the “tipping point” immortalized by Malcolm Gladwell). The general idea is that when the liquid is near this “tipping point,” it suddenly separates into two distinct liquid phases. This concept of a new critical point is finding application to other liquids as well as water, such as silicon and silica. We also discuss related puzzles, such as the mysterious behavior of water near a protein.
The objective of this study was to produce slow-release urea (SRU) coated with low-trans vegetable fat (LTVF) and compare it to uncoated urea (U) in the diet of lambs. The first experiment evaluated ...LTVF-coated U produced in three different ratios (U: LTVF), 30:70 (SRU30), 40:60 (SRU40), and 50:50 (SRU50). SRU40 had higher (P < 0.05) coating yield (85.5 %) and efficiency (98 %) in comparison to SRU30 (82.9 and 96 %) and SRU50 (83.7 and 96.6 %). SRU40 maintained better thermal stability for retention and slower release of urea (P < 0.05). A second experiment tested SRU40 in 32 intact male Santa Inês lambs (average age: 6 months; average body weight: 17.9 ± 2.01 kg). The lambs were allocated in four treatments: one control diet with 0.5 % U (U0.5 %) and three levels of SRU40 1.25 % (SRU1.25); 2.0 % (SRU2); 3.0 % (SRU3); dry matter (DM) basis in a randomized block design to evaluate performance and ingestive behavior. A third experiment evaluated apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) metabolism, rumen, and blood parameters of 24 intact Santa Inês lambs (average age: 6 months; average body weight: 16 ± 2.2 kg) in a randomized block design with six replications. Including SRU linearly increased ether extract (EE), and non-fiber carbohydrates intake (P < 0.05) but did not change DM, organic matter, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber assayed with heat stable amylase and expressed excluding residual ash (aNDFom), intake and performance of the lambs (P >0.05). Lambs tended to spend less time ruminating (P = 0.052) and more time eating (P = 0.078) when SRU was included in the diet. The inclusion of SRU in the diet of lambs tended to linearly increase the apparent total tract digestibility of CP (P = 0.078). There was no effect of SRU on N-intake, however, including SRU linearly reduced N-urinary excretion and linearly increased N-retention (P < 0.05). Feeding SRU1.25 % resulted in higher N-retained and lower N-urinary and N-fecal than feeding U0.5 %. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and rumen pH decreased linearly with the inclusion of SRU, while NH3-N concentration increased linearly (P < 0.05). Lambs fed SRU1.25 % presented higher BUN and lower NH3-N compared to lambs fed U0.5 % (P < 0.05). N-retained, microbial nitrogen and protein supply linearly increased (P < 0.05) due to the inclusion of SRU in the lambs’ diet. Lambs fed U0.5 % presented the highest (P < 0.05) BUN concentrations at all times after feeding. There was a linear decrease of BUN in lambs fed SRU at 0, 4, and 6-h post-feeding (P < 0.05). LTVF was efficient in coating urea, especially the formulation with 40 % urea and 60 % vegetable fat (SRU40). It is recommended the inclusion of SRU40 in the diet of lambs up to 3 % (total DM basis) as it improves the use of N in the rumen, reducing N-excretion and increasing N-retention, without affecting the performance of the lambs.
•Slow-releasing urea (SRU) was encapsulated by low-trans vegetal fat (LTVF).•SRU with 40 % urea and 60 % LTVF (SRU40) showed higher microencapsulation efficiency.•The inclusion of SRU linearly increased EE, NFC and TDN intake of the lambs.•SRU40 at 3 % DM reduces N-urinary excretion and BUN, and increases N-retention in lambs.•SRU40 protected with LTVF improves the digestibility and N ruminal use by lambs.
This study evaluated the effect of including slow-release urea (SRU) coated from the low-trans vegetable fat (LTFV) microspheres in the diet of lambs on fatty acids intake, carcass traits, meat ...quality, and fatty acid composition of meat. Thirty-two non-castrated Santa Inês lambs (17.98 ± 2.01 kg of initial weight) were used in a randomized complete block design. Experimental treatments included a control which contained 5 g/kg urea (U0.5%) and three other treatments in which SRU (60% LTFV and 40% urea) was incorporated at 1.25% (SRU1.25%); 2% (SRU2.0%) and 3% (SRU3.0%) of total diet dry matter (DM). The inclusion of SRU in lamb diets increased linearly (P < 0.05) the intake of ether extract, metabolizable energy, and fatty acids. Carcass traits and physical-chemical composition of the Longissimus muscle were not changed by protected urea addition in lamb diet (P > 0.05). The addition of the protected urea in lamb diet linearly increased proportions of CLA and the 18:1 isomer (cis-12, cis-15, and cis-16) compared to U0.5%. There was a linear increase in branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) content (P = 0.048) in Longissimus muscle due SRU inclusion. There were a quadratic increases for the sums of trans-MUFA (P = 0.003) and n-6 PUFA (P = 0.046) and total PUFA (P = 0.037) as SRU was added to lambs diet. Adding urea coated into low-trans vegetable fat microspheres increased the lamb intake of most FA and energy dietary, however, without affecting carcass traits and meat physicochemical composition. The inclusion of protected urea (SRU) in the lamb diet quadratically increases trans-MUFA, n-6 PUFA, and total PUFA concentrations in meat, and lambs fed with SRU at level 1.25% in DM total diet presented greater CLA and trans-MUFA concentrations compared free urea (U0.5%), which is beneficial from the point of view of the lipid quality of the meat and its relationship with consumer health.
•Slow-release urea (SLU) was coated using low-trans vegetable fat (LTVF) microspheres.•Feeding SRU increased the lambs intake of fatty acids and metabolizable energy.•SRU dietary promoted higher CLA in lamb meat compared free urea diet.•trans-MUFA and n-6-PUFA concentrations in lamb meat improved due to SRU diet.•Ruminal biohydrogenation due to SRU inclusion increased total PUFA in lamb meat.
.
We present evidence from experiments and computer simulations supporting the hypothesis that water displays polyamorphism, i.e., water separates into two distinct liquid phases. This concept of a ...new liquid-liquid phase transition is finding application to other liquids as well as water, such as silicon and silica. Specifically, we investigate, the relation between changes in dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies arising from the presence of the liquid-liquid critical point in (i) Two models of water, TIP5P and ST2, which display a first order liquid-liquid phase transition at low temperatures; (ii) the Jagla model, a spherically symmetric two-scale potential known to possess a liquid-liquid critical point, in which the competition between two liquid structures is generated by repulsive and attractive ramp interactions; and (iii) A Hamiltonian model of water where the idea of two length/energy scales is built in. This model also displays a first order liquid-liquid phase transition at low temperatures besides the first order liquid-gas phase transition at high temperatures. We find a correlation between the dynamic fragility crossover and the locus of specific heat maxima C
P
max
(“Widom line”) emanating from the critical point. Our findings are consistent with a possible relation between the previously hypothesised liquid-liquid phase transition and the transition in the dynamics recently observed in neutron scattering experiments on confined water. More generally, we argue that this connection between C
P
max
and the dynamic crossover is not limited to the case of water, a hydrogen bonded network liquid, but is a more general feature of crossing the Widom line, an extension of the first-order coexistence line in the supercritical region. Dedicated to Armin Bunde on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
•Inclusion of dehydrated residue from acerola fruit pulp in lamb diets was investigated.•Acerola pulp dry residue inclusion up to 80 g/kg stimulates rumination due their NDF content.•Acerola pulp dry ...residue inclusion does not affect the nitrogen balance.•Acerola pulp dry residue inclusion reduces ruminal protozoa population and digestibility.
This research evaluated the effects of acerola pulp residue in the lamb diet on intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior and ruminant fermentation. The treatments involved replacing ground corn by acerola fruit pulp residue at levels of 0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 g/kg DM of the total diet. To evaluate the intake, digestibility, N balance and ingestive behavior of lamb, 25 Santa Inês non-castrated male lamb (average age of 9 months and average initial BW of 35.10 ± 4.96 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized design in metabolic cages for a duration of 21 days. To evaluate the ruminal parameters, five fistulated Santa Inês male lamb (BW of 40 ± 3.70 kg) were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design for 75 days. The dehydrated residue from acerola fruit pulp inclusion in lamb diets did not affect the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), effective intake nutrients, CP digestibility, N intake, N fecal excretions, N urinary excretions, N balance, NDF eating ratio, ruminal fluid ammonia nitrogen concentration of lamb. However, there was a linear increase (P <0.05) in NDF intake, time spent eating, N° bolus chewed/day and ruminal pH due to the inclusion of acerola fruit pulp. The inclusion of acerola pulp residue linearly decreased (P <0.05) intake of EE, NFC and TDN; digestibility of DM, EE, NDF, NFC; DM eating ratio, amount (g) of DM chewed/bolus and ruminal fluid protozoa population. The time spent ruminating presented a quadratic increase (P <0.05) and time spent idling and NDF rumination efficiency presented an antagonistic behavior. Inclusion of the dry residue of dehydrated acerola fruit pulp up to 80 g/kg is recommended to replace ground corn in the supplement concentrate because despite it reduces very small protozoa population ruminal and nutrient digestibility, it did not quantitatively affect the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen although it stimulated rumination, thereby improving ruminal environment.
To investigate which memory processes are affected by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Three separate memory systems were investigated in patients with OSA and normal subjects. Verbal episodic memory ...was tested after forced encoding, in order to control the level of attention during item presentation; procedural memory was tested using a simplified version of a standard test with an interfering task; lastly, working memory was examined with validated paradigms based on a theoretical model.
Sleep laboratory and outpatient sleep clinic in a French tertiary-care university hospital.
Ninety-five patients with OSA and 95 control subjects matched for age and level of education. Group 1 (54 patients, 54 controls) underwent an extensive battery of tasks evaluating verbal episodic, procedural, and working memory. Group 2 (16 patients, 16 controls) underwent procedural memory tests only, and group 3 (25 patients, 25 controls) working memory tests only.
N/A.
Compared with matched controls, patients with OSA exhibited a retrieval deficit of episodic memory but intact maintenance, recognition, and forgetfulness; decreased overall performance in procedural memory, although pattern learning did occur; and impairment of specific working memory capabilities despite normal short-term memory. No consistent correlation was found between OSA severity and memory deficit. The long duration of the test session did not negatively impact the patients' performance.
Memory impairment in OSA is mild and does not affect all memory processes but, rather, specific aspects, underscoring the need for extensive and specific memory testing in clinical and research settings.
The benefits and efficacy of the influenza vaccine have been controversial and have had mixed reviews in the recent literature. Immunosuppressed patients and those receiving chemotherapy are ...particularly at risk for infectious complications and are therefore given high priority to receiving prophylactic vaccines.
We administered the influenza vaccine to 29 patients with malignant lymphoma who were receiving chemotherapy or had recently completed therapy during the flu season of 2003-2004. An aged-matched control group received the same vaccine during the same period. The ability of both groups to mount a protective titer of antibodies to the antigens in the vaccine was measured.
Three of 29 patients (10%) in the lymphoma group were able to mount a 4-fold titer to at least one of the influenza A antigens. One patient developed a protective titer to both influenza A and B antigens and 3 of 29 responded to the influenza B antigen. In the control group 13 of 29 (45%) responded to an influenza A antigen and 14 of 29 (48%) had a 4-fold response to the B antigen. Seven of 29 controls (24%) had a 4-fold increase in their titers to both the A and B antigens.
This study confirmed the low incidence of response or efficacy to the influenza vaccine reported in previous studies. Only a small percentage (10%) of immunosuppressed patients with malignant lymphoma responded with a 4-fold increase in their antibody titer to the major antigens of the 2003 influenza vaccine. Most interestingly, less than 50% of the aged-matched control population studied responded with a 4-fold increase in their antibody titer. Additional studies are needed to determine methods for improving the efficacy of the vaccine and the effectiveness of the influenza vaccination program in preventing influenza infections in the United States.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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