The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of overweight in school-aged children from Bogotá, Colombia and to examine its associations with sociodemographic characteristics, dietary ...patterns, and indicators of physical activity. We measured height and weight in 3075 children between 5 and 12 y of age who attended public primary schools in 2006 and we obtained information on maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics. The survey was representative of children from low and middle socioeconomic backgrounds. The prevalences of child overweight (including obesity) and obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria were 11.1 and 1.8%, respectively. The prevalence of stunting was 9.8%. In multivariate analysis, child overweight was positively associated with indicators of higher socioeconomic status (SES), including low maternal parity and ownership of household assets. The prevalence of overweight was 3.6 times greater in children whose mothers were obese compared with children whose mothers had an adequate BMI (adjusted prevalence ratio = 3.61; 95% CI = 2.64, 4.93). Child overweight was positively associated with adherence to a "snacking" dietary pattern (P-trend = 0.06) and to frequent intake of hamburgers or hot dogs (adjusted prevalence ratio for at least once per week vs. never = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.03, 3.62), independent of total energy intake and other potential confounders. Time spent viewing television or playing outside the household were not significantly related to the prevalence of child overweight. In conclusion, child overweight in Bogotá is more common than stunting and is associated with higher SES, maternal obesity, and a snacking dietary pattern. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The Biology of the First 1,000 Days Karakochuk, Crystal D; Whitfield, Kyly C; Green, Tim J ...
2017, 20170922, 2018, 2017-09-22, Letnik:
1
eBook
Odprti dostop
The first 1,000 days, from conception to two years of age, is a critical period of growth and development. Exposures to dietary, environmental, hormonal, and other stressors during this window have ...been associated with an increased risk of poor health outcomes, some of which are irreversible. The book addresses this crucial interval of early life across biological disciplines, linking concepts related to all biological fields to outcomes during the first 1,000 days (e.g. fetal growth and pregnancy outcomes) and beyond (e.g. gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease later in life). The strength of this book lies in its cross-disciplinary nature.
ABSTRACT
Background and objective: Hyperoxia has been shown to reduce resting ventilation, hyperinflation and dyspnoea in patients with severely hypoxaemic COPD. This study assessed the effects of ...hyperoxia on these resting measures in patients with COPD of varying disease severity and characterized those patients who responded.
Methods: Measurements of dyspnoea (Borg score), oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SpO2), inspiratory capacity (IC), minute ventilation, tidal volume, breathing and cardiac frequency were performed at rest in 51 patients with COPD while they breathed air and 44% oxygen, in a randomized double‐blinded fashion.
Results: Hyperoxia induced significant reductions in cardiac frequency and dyspnoea and a significant increase in SpO2. No significant change was noted in IC for the group overall, and there was substantial inter‐subject variation in this measurement. No significant changes were found in ventilation, and there was no correlation between change in dyspnoea and change in IC. In patients with moderate to severe airflow obstruction (FEV1 < 70% predicted), a significant association was found between the degree of airflow obstruction and change in IC induced by hyperoxia.
Conclusions: Hyperoxia improved dyspnoea but did not significantly alter resting pulmonary hyperinflation in a group of patients with COPD of varying severity. However, in a subset patients with moderate to severe airflow obstruction a relationship existed between the severity of airflow obstruction and volume response to hyperoxia.
For online mathematics instructors, synchronous communication can be a challenge due to the need for specialized symbols, graphics, or notations to explain key concepts. While software tools exist to ...support such communication, they can often be cumbersome and time-consuming for users to adopt in online exchanges. As one way of addressing this problem, Birgit Loch and Christine McDonald investigate the feasibility of employing a freely available chat client for the teaching of mathematics to distance students. The distinctive value of this chat client comes from a handwriting or "electronic ink" tool that allows users to create and edit mathematical formulae and diagrams rapidly in real time, thereby allowing for a more fluid pace of communication. To assess this tool, Loch and McDonald conducted a pilot study in two undergraduate mathematics-based courses taught at a distance; in this study the authors used the client in a series of online tutorials with student volunteers, and they then evaluated the quality of communication in the tutorials as well as the results of a survey administered to the students. The results indicate that while the tool may require some practice to use, it was sufficiently flexible to accommodate both textual and graphic-based communications; moreover, the students found it a valuable resource for online tutorials in the discipline. The authors conclude with a recommendation of this convenient tool as a viable option for online mathematics instructors. (Contains 1 table, 4 figures and 4 exhibits.)
The objective of this study was to identify correlates of household food insecurity and poor dietary diversity in rural Cambodia. Trained interviewers administered a survey to 900 households in four ...rural districts of Prey Veng Province, Cambodia. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) were used to assess household food insecurity and dietary diversity. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to identify independent correlates of household food insecurity and poor dietary diversity (HDDS <=3). The mean+/-SD HFIAS and HDDS scores were 5.3+/-3.9 and 4.7+/-1.6, respectively. The respective prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe food insecurity were 33%, 37%, and 12%; and 23% of households had an HDDS <=3. In multivariate analyses, several indicators of socioeconomic status, and ownership of agricultural land were associated with household food security status, although the latter association lost its significance in models that adjusted for household income. Similarly, although ownership of agricultural and homestead land was initially associated with poorer dietary diversity, income mitigated these associations. The presence of electricity and vegetable production were the only other variables that were significantly associated with both outcomes. In this rural area of Cambodia, the prevalence of any degree of household food insecurity was very high and dietary diversity was generally low. Interventions to improve food security and dietary diversity should encompass income-generating activities and be targeted toward the poorest households.
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