Downy mildew is a common, widespread disease affecting the leaves of sweet basil, which is the herb grown the most globally. No tolerance for disease symptoms, especially on basil leaves marketed for ...fresh consumption, necessitates management. Six replicated experiments were conducted between 2010 and 2016 with field-grown basil of a susceptible cultivar exposed to naturally-occurring wind-dispersed sporangiospores of Peronospora belbahrii to evaluate fungicides approved for use on organically-produced crops, as well as products in development for this use. Most fungicides tested are biopesticides. Products tested that currently are registered for use on basil in the U.S. and labeled for downy mildew were Actinovate (Streptomyces lydicus), Companion (Bacillus subtilis), Cueva (copper octanoate), Double Nickel (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), Forticept EP #1 (thyme oil), Milagrum Plus (Bacillus subtilis), Organocide (sesame oil), Oso (polyoxin D zinc salt), OxiDate (hydrogen dioxide), Procidic (citric acid), Regalia (Reynoutria sachalinensis extract), Stargus (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), and Trilogy (neem oil). Seven other products were tested. A conventional fungicide, Revus (mandipropamid), was included in most experiments serving as a positive control for comparison. Applications were made weekly to foliage with a backpack sprayer starting before symptoms were seen in the plots, except in 2013 when disease onset was early and in 2015 when a twice weekly application schedule was used. Organic treatments tested in 2013 started with a soil drench application around the base of plants two days after they were transplanted. Fungicide efficacy was assessed based on incidence of symptomatic leaves rather than disease severity which is stringent but realistic because there is no tolerance for disease on fresh-market herbs. None were effective based on weekly severity assessments or AUDPC values, which confirms results obtained by other researchers that downy mildew cannot be effectively managed with organic fungicides applied to susceptible cultivars of basil.
Samples from potato fields with lesions with late blight-like symptoms were collected from eastern North Carolina in 2017 and the causal agent was identified as Phytophthora nicotianae. We have ...identified P. nicotianae in potato and tomato samples from North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York. Ninety-two field samples were collected from 46 fields and characterized for mefenoxam sensitivity, mating type, and simple sequence repeat genotype using microsatellites. Thirty-two percent of the isolates were the A1 mating type, while 53% were the A2 mating type. In six cases, both A1 and A2 mating types were detected in the same field in the same year. All isolates tested were sensitive to mefenoxam. Two genetic groups were discerned based on STRUCTURE analysis: one included samples from North Carolina and Maryland, and one included samples from all five states. The data suggest two different sources of inoculum from the field sites sampled. Multiple haplotypes within a field and the detection of both mating types in close proximity suggests that P. nicotianae may be reproducing sexually in North Carolina. There was a decrease in the average number of days with weather suitable for late blight, from 2012 to 2016 and 2017 to 2021 in all of the North Carolina counties where P. nicotianae was reported. P. nicotianae is more thermotolerant than P. infestans and grows at higher temperatures (25 to 35°C) than P. infestans (18 to 22°C). Late blight outbreaks have decreased in recent years and first reports of disease are later, suggesting that the thermotolerant P. nicotianae may cause more disease as temperatures rise due to climate change.
This study evaluated frontal behavioural symptoms, via the FrSBe self-report, in military personnel with and without a history of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mild TBI).
Prospective ...observational cohort study of combat-deployed service members leveraging 1-year and 5-year demographic and follow up clinical outcome data.
The blast mild TBI group (n = 164) showed greater frontal behavioural symptoms, including clinically elevated apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction, during a 5-year follow-up, compared to a group of combat-deployed controls (n = 107) without mild TBI history or history of blast exposure. We also explored changes inbehaviourall symptoms over a 4-year span, which showed clinically significant increases in disinhibition in the blast mild TBI group, whereas the control group did not show significant increases in symptoms over time.
Our findings add to the growing evidence that a proportion of individuals who sustain mild TBI experience persistent behavioural symptoms. We also offer a demonstration of a novel use of the FrSBe as a tool for longitudinal symptom monitoring in a military mild TBI population.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐Cov‐2) resulting in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is documented to have a negative psychosocial impact on patients. Home dialysis ...patients may be at risk of additional isolating factors affecting their mental health. The aim of this study is to describe levels of anxiety and quality of life during the COVID‐19 pandemic among home dialysis patients. This is a single‐centre survey of home dialysis patients in Toronto, Ontario. Surveys were sent to 98 home haemodialysis and 43 peritoneal dialysis patients. Validated instruments (Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Item GAD7 Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire PHQ‐9, Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale, Family APGAR Questionnaire and The Self Perceived Burden Scale) assessing well‐being were used. Forty of the 141 patients surveyed, participated in September 2020. The mean age was 53.1 ± 12.1 years, with 60% male, and 85% home haemodialysis, 80% of patients rated their satisfaction with dialysis at 8/10 or greater, 82% of respondents reported either “not at all” or “for several days” indicating frequency of anxiety and depressive symptoms, 79% said their illness minimally or moderately impacted their life, 76% of respondents were almost always satisfied with interactions with family members, 91% were never or sometimes worried about caregiver burden. Among our respondents, there was no indication of a negative psychosocial impact from the pandemic, despite the increased social isolation. Our data further supports the use of home dialysis as the optimal form of dialysis.
SUMMARY AT A GLANCE
This survey of home haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis patients found no indication of a negative psychosocial impact from the COVID‐19 pandemic, despite the increased social isolation. Thus, patients who are able to practise dialysis at home and hence minimize infectious contacts do not experience high levels of psychosocial distress, adding to the paradigm of home dialysis as the optimal form of dialysis.
This study compared the effects of immediate (ICC) and delayed (DCC) cord clamping on very low birth weight (VLBW) infants on 2 primary variables: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and suspected ...necrotizing enterocolitis (SNEC). Other outcome variables were late-onset sepsis (LOS) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).
This was a randomized, controlled unmasked trial in which women in labor with singleton fetuses <32 weeks' gestation were randomly assigned to ICC (cord clamped at 5-10 seconds) or DCC (30-45 seconds) groups. Women were excluded for the following reasons: their obstetrician refused to participate, major congenital anomalies, multiple gestations, intent to withhold care, severe maternal illnesses, placenta abruption or previa, or rapid delivery after admission.
Seventy-two mother/infant pairs were randomized. Infants in the ICC and DCC groups weighed 1151 and 1175 g, and mean gestational ages were 28.2 and 28.3 weeks, respectively. Analyses revealed no difference in maternal and infant demographic, clinical, and safety variables. There were no differences in the incidence of our primary outcomes (BPD and suspected NEC). However, significant differences were found between the ICC and DCC groups in the rates of IVH and LOS. Two of the 23 male infants in the DCC group had IVH versus 8 of the 19 in the ICC group. No cases of sepsis occurred in the 23 boys in the DCC group, whereas 6 of the 19 boys in the ICC group had confirmed sepsis. There was a trend toward higher initial hematocrit in the infants in the DCC group.
Delayed cord clamping seems to protect VLBW infants from IVH and LOS, especially for male infants.
Although stroke has a profound impact on sexuality there are limited evidence-based interventions to support rehabilitation professionals in this area. The aim of the current research was to ...prioritize content areas and approaches to sexual rehabilitation from the perspective of stroke survivors, their partners, stroke rehabilitation clinicians and researchers.
A 2-step online Delphi method was used to prioritize the content of, and approaches to, sexual rehabilitation with stroke survivors, their partners, stroke rehabilitation clinicians and researchers.
Stroke survivors (n = 30), their partners (n = 18) clinicians and researchers in stroke rehabilitation (n = 45) completed at least 1 of 2 investigator-developed surveys. Participants prioritized 18 core content areas for inclusion in sexual rehabilitation following stroke with a high degree of consensus. Another 27 content areas were considered moderately important. There was strong consensus that sexual rehabilitation should be offered in the subacute and chronic phases of stroke recovery. Participants would prefer health professionals to deliver the intervention face-to-face.
This study presents opinions from stroke survivors, partners of stroke survivors, clinicians and researchers. The information about content, timing and mode of delivery will be used to develop and evaluate a comprehensive sexuality rehabilitation programme.
Spinach downy mildew, caused by the obligate oomycete pathogen
, is a worldwide constraint on spinach production. The role of airborne sporangia in the disease cycle of
is well established, but the ...role of the sexual oospores in the epidemiology of
is less clear and has been a major challenge to examine experimentally. To evaluate seed transmission of spinach downy mildew via oospores in this study, isolated glass chambers were employed in two independent experiments to grow out oospore-infested spinach seed and noninfested seeds mixed with oospore-infested crop debris. Downy mildew diseased spinach plants were observed 37 and 34 days after planting in the two isolator experiments, respectively, in the chambers that contained one of two oospore-infested seed lots or seeds coated with oospore-infested leaves. Spinach plants in isolated glass chambers initiated from seeds without oospores did not show downy mildew symptoms. Similar findings were obtained using the same seed lot samples in a third experiment conducted in a growth chamber. In direct grow out tests to examine oospore infection on seedlings performed in a containment greenhouse with oospore-infested seed of two different cultivars, characteristic
sporangiophores were observed growing from a seedling of each cultivar. The frequency of seedlings developing symptoms from 82 of these oospore-infested seed indicated that approximately 2.4% of seedlings from infested seed developed symptoms, and 0.55% of seedlings from total seeds assayed developed symptoms. The results provide evidence that oospores can serve as a source of inoculum for downy mildew and provide further evidence of direct seed transmission of the downy mildew pathogen to seedlings in spinach via seedborne oospores.
Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was performed on 257 Phytophthora infestans isolates belonging to four clonal lineages to study within-lineage diversity. The four lineages used in the study were US-8 ...(n = 28), US-11 (n = 27), US-23 (n = 166), and US-24 (n = 36), with isolates originating from 23 of the United States and Ontario, Canada. The majority of isolates were collected between 2010 and 2014 (94%), with the remaining isolates collected from 1994 to 2009, and 2015. Between 3,774 and 5,070 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified within each lineage and were used to investigate relationships among individuals. K-means hierarchical clustering revealed three clusters within lineage US-23, with US-23 isolates clustering more by collection year than by geographic origin. K-means hierarchical clustering did not reveal significant clustering within the smaller US-8, US-11, and US-24 data sets. Neighbor-joining (NJ) trees were also constructed for each lineage. All four NJ trees revealed evidence for pathogen dispersal and overwintering within regions, as well as long-distance pathogen transport across regions. In the US-23 NJ tree, grouping by year was more prominent than grouping by region, which indicates the importance of long-distance pathogen transport as a source of initial late blight inoculum. Our results support previous studies that found significant genetic diversity within clonal lineages of P. infestans and show that GBS offers sufficiently high resolution to detect sub-structuring within clonal populations.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In 1922,
was described by Leon Hatching Leonian as a new pathogen infecting pepper (
), with disease symptoms of root rot, stem and fruit blight, seed rot, and plant wilting and death. Extensive ...research has been conducted on
over the last 100 years. This review succinctly describes the salient mile markers of research on
with current perspectives on the pathogen's distribution, economic importance, epidemiology, genetics and genomics, fungicide resistance, host susceptibility, pathogenicity mechanisms, and management.
•Large cohort of p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer treated with (chemo)radiotherapy.•Incomplete nodal response on 12 week PET/CT can be surveilled with repeat PET/CT.•71% of patients convert to ...complete nodal response on repeat PET/CT at 16 weeks.•No detriment to regional control if neck dissection performed after 16-week PET/CT.•Negative predictive values remain high for 12- and 16-week PET/CT.
To assess the utility of a repeat positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) instead of immediate neck dissection (ND) for incomplete nodal response (IR) in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPC) following chemoradiotherapy/radiotherapy (chemo)RT.
Patients with non-distant metastatic, node positive (N+) disease treated between Jan/2005 to Jan/2016, achieved complete response at the primary with no distant relapse on a 12-week re-staging PET/CT were evaluated. Patients underwent surveillance after complete nodal response (CR). Patients with IR underwent repeat PET/CT at 16 weeks to direct neck management. Primary endpoints were CR conversion rate and subsequent regional failure following a 16-week PET/CT directed ND. Secondary endpoints were predictive values (PV) of the 12- and 16-week PET/CT for residual nodal disease, predictors for requiring the 16-week PET/CT, 5 year regional, locoregional failure free survival (FFS) and overall survival (OS).
235 patients were evaluated. Median follow up was 56 (range 19–60) months. 41 patients underwent 16-week re-staging PET/CT, 29 (71%) converted to CR. No subsequent regional failures occurred following a 16-week PET/CT directed ND. Positive and negative PV of the 12- and 16-week PET/CT for residual nodal disease was 12% & 98%, and 33% & 97%, respectively. N-category (AJCC/UICC 7th edition) predicted for requiring a 16-week PET/CT on univariate analysis (P-value 0.02). 5 year regional, locoregional FFS and OS was 95.8%, 93.4% and 90.8%, respectively.
For N+ HPV-associated OPC achieving IR on the 12-week re-staging PET/CT following (chemo)RT, a repeat 16-week PET/CT can spare patients from unnecessary surgery.
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