Echinochrome A (Echi A) improves mitochondrial function in the heart; however, its effects on skeletal muscle are still unclear. We hypothesized that Echi A administration during short-term exercise ...may improve exercise capacity. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following groups: control group (CG), Echi A-treated group (EG), aerobic exercise group (AG), and aerobic exercise treated with Echi A group (AEG) (n = 6 per group). Echi A was administered intra-peritoneally (0.1 mg/kg of Echi A in 300 µL phosphate-buffered saline) daily 30 min before each exercise training. The AG and AEG groups performed treadmill running (20 m/min, 60 min/day) five days/week for two weeks. The exercise capacity was significantly higher in the AG and AEG groups compared to other groups. Interestingly, the exercise capacity increased more effectively in the AEG group. The body weight in the EG tended to be slightly lower than that in the other groups. There were no significant changes in the plasma lipids among the groups. However, the gastrocnemius muscle mitochondria content was greater in the EG and AEG groups. These findings show that Echi A administration after short-term endurance training enhances exercise capacity, which was associated with an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content.
Scope
This study investigated the effects of resveratrol (RV) on diabetes‐related metabolic changes in a spontaneous model of type 2 diabetes, as well as activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase ...(AMPK) and downstream targets.
Methods and results
C57BL/KsJ‐db/db mice were fed a normal diet with RV (0.005% and 0.02%, w/w) or rosiglitazone (RG, 0.001%, w/w) for 6 weeks. Both doses of RV significantly decreased blood glucose, plasma free fatty acid, triglyceride, apo B/apo AІ levels and increased plasma adiponectin levels. RV activated AMPK and downstream targets leading to decreased blood HbA1c levels, hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme activity, and hepatic glycogen, while plasma insulin levels, pancreatic insulin protein, and skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein were higher after RV supplementation. The high RV dose also significantly increased hepatic glycolytic gene expression and enzyme activity, along with skeletal muscle glycogen synthase protein expression, similar to RG. Furthermore, RV dose dependently decreased hepatic triglyceride content and phosphorylated I kappa B kinase (p‐IKK) protein expression, while hepatic uncoupling protein (UCP) and skeletal muscle UCP expression were increased.
Conclusion
RV potentiates improving glycemic control, glucose uptake, and dyslipidemia, as well as protecting against pancreatic β‐cell failure in a spontaneous type 2 diabetes model. Dietary RV has potential as an antidiabetic agent via activation of AMPK and its downstream targets.
Natural food supplements with high flavonoid content are often claimed to promote weight-loss and lower plasma cholesterol in animal studies, but human studies have been more equivocal. The aim of ...this study was firstly to determine the effectiveness of natural food supplements containing Glycine max leaves extract (EGML) or Garcinia cambogia extract (GCE) to promote weight-loss and lower plasma cholesterol. Secondly to examine whether these supplements have any beneficial effect on lipid, adipocytokine or antioxidant profiles.
Eighty-six overweight subjects (Male:Female = 46:40, age: 20~50 yr, BMI > 23 < 29) were randomly assigned to three groups and administered tablets containing EGML (2 g/day), GCE (2 g/day) or placebo (starch, 2 g/day) for 10 weeks. At baseline and after 10 weeks, body composition, plasma cholesterol and diet were assessed. Blood analysis was also conducted to examine plasma lipoproteins, triglycerides, adipocytokines and antioxidants.
EGML and GCE supplementation failed to promote weight-loss or any clinically significant change in %body fat. The EGML group had lower total cholesterol after 10 weeks compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). EGML and GCE had no effect on triglycerides, non-HDL-C, adipocytokines or antioxidants when compared to placebo supplementation. However, HDL-C was higher in the EGML group (p < 0.001) after 10 weeks compared to the placebo group.
Ten weeks of EGML or GCE supplementation did not promote weight-loss or lower total cholesterol in overweight individuals consuming their habitual diet. Although, EGML did increase plasma HDL-C levels which is associated with a lower risk of atherosclerosis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
To investigate the effect of novel probiotics on the clinical characteristics of high-fructose induced metabolic syndrome.
Male Wistar rats aged 4 wk were fed a 70% w/w high-fructose diet (n = 27) or ...chow diet (n = 9) for 3 wk to induce metabolic syndrome, the rats were then randomized into groups and administered probiotic Lactobacillus curvatus (L. curvatus) HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) KY1032 at 10(9) cfu/d or 10(10) cfu/d or placebo by oral gavage for 3 wk. Food intake and body weight were measured once a week. After 6 wk, the rats were fasted for 12 h, then anesthetized with diethyl ether and sacrificed. Blood samples were taken from the inferior vena cava for plasma analysis of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, total-cholesterol, triglycerides and thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using mouse-specific Taqman probe sets to assess genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation, lipogenesis and cholesterol metabolism in the liver. Target gene expression was normalized to the housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Rodents fed a high-fructose diet developed clinical characteristics of the metabolic syndrome including increased plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol and oxidative stress levels, as well as increased liver mass and liver lipids compared to chow fed controls. Probiotic treatment (L. curvatus HY7601 and L. plantarum KY1032) at high (10(10) cfu/d) or low dosage (10(9) cfu/d) lowered plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides and oxidative stress levels. Only high-dose probiotic treatment reduced liver mass and liver cholesterol. Probiotic treatment reduced lipogenesis via down-regulation of SREBP1, FAS and SCD1 mRNA levels and increased β-oxidation via up-regulation of PPARα and CPT2 mRNA levels.
Probiotic L. curvatus HY7601 and L. plantarum KY1032 combined suppressed the clinical characteristics of high-fructose-induced metabolic syndrome, therefore, may provide a natural alternative for the treatment of diet-induced metabolic syndrome.
All living beings on earth are influenced by the circadian rhythm, the rising and the setting of the sun. The ubiquitous effect of exercise is widely believed to maximize health benefits but has not ...been formally investigated for cardiac responses in the exercise-induced circadian rhythms. We hypothesized that the exercise-related proteome is differentially influenced by circadian rhythm and analyzed the differences between the effects of morning and evening exercise. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (
n
= 6 per group): morning control, morning exercise, evening control, and evening exercise groups. The exercise groups were subjected to 12-week treadmill exercise (5 days/week) performed either during daytime or nighttime. After 12 weeks, the physiological characteristics (e.g., body weight, heart weight, visceral fat, and blood metabolites), cardiovascular capacity (ejection fraction (%) and fractional shortening (%)), circadian gene expression levels (
clock
,
ball1
,
per1
,
per2
,
cry1
, and
cry2
), and the proteomic data were obtained and subjected to univariate and multivariate analysis. The mRNA levels of
per1
and
cry2
increased in the evening group compared with those in the morning group. We also found that
per2
decreased and
cry2
increased in the evening exercise groups. The evening exercise groups showed more decreased triacylglycerides and increased blood insulin levels than the morning exercise group. The principal component analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis indicated that the circadian rhythm differently influenced the protein networks of the exercise groups. In the morning exercise group, the transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) (
clock
,
per1
,
per2
,
cry1
, and
cry2
) formed a protein-protein interaction network with Nme2, Hint1, Ddt, Ndufb8, Ldha, and Eef1a2. In contrast, the TTFL group appeared close to Maoa, Hist2h4, and Macrod1 in the evening exercise group. Interestingly, the evening exercise group decreased the mRNA level of
per2
but not per1. Per1 and Per2 are known to transport Cry1 and Cry2 into the nucleus. Taken together, we summarized the characteristics of enriched proteins in the aspect of their molecular function, cellular component, and biological process. Our results might provide a better understanding of the circadian effect on exercise-related proteins.
Scope: This study investigated the global transcriptional and metabolic changes occurring at multiple time points over 24 wk in response to a high‐fat diet (HFD).
Methods and results: C57BL/6J mice ...were fed a HFD or normal diet (ND) over 24 wk. HFD‐fed mice developed early clinical indicators of obesity‐related co‐morbidities including fatty liver, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia. Time‐course microarray analysis at eight time points over 24 wk identified 332 HFD responsive genes as potential targets to counteract diet‐induced obesity (DIO) and related co‐morbidities. Glucose regulating enzyme activity and gene expression were altered early in the HFD‐fed mice. Fatty acid (FA) and triglyceride (TG) accumulation in combination with inflammatory changes appear to be likely candidates contributing to hepatic insulin resistance. Cidea seemed to be one of representative genes related to these changes.
Conclusion: Global transcriptional and metabolic profiling across multiple time points in liver revealed potential targets for nutritional interventions to reverse DIO. In future, new approaches targeting HFD responsive genes and hepatic metabolism could help ameliorate the deleterious effects of an HFD and DIO‐related complication.
ABSTRACTRotavirus (RV) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, presenting commonly with diarrhoeal symptoms. In a prospective 12‐week double‐blind ...randomised controlled trial we assessed acceptability and efficacy of a high‐ganglioside complex milk lipid (CML) for prevention of RV infection in 450 infants, ages 8 to 24 months, at 3 sites in northern India. Prevalence of diarrhoea and RV was unseasonably low at baseline (all‐cause diarrhoea ACD, n = 16; RV diarrhoea RVD, n = 2; RV infection, RV positive RV+, n = 20) and throughout the trial, with only 110 total episodes of ACD for 12 weeks (CML, n = 62; control, n = 48) of which 10 were RVD (CML, n = 4; control, n = 6). Mean duration that RVD persisted was lower in the CML group (2.3 ± 0.5 days) than that in the control group (3.8 ± 1.3 days, P = 0.03), but only 3 of 450 end of trial stool samples were identified as RV+ (<1%; CML, n = 2; control, n = 1). This hampered the assessment of efficacy of CML, despite the large a priori determined sample size. During the trial similar numbers of infants reported adverse events (AEs: CML 41%, control 46%), with the majority of events classified as mild and not related to the intervention. In conclusion, further clinical trials against a higher background of seasonal prevalence are necessary to assess efficacy of this nutritional intervention to prevent RVD. More important, however, high‐ganglioside CML was acceptable for long‐term consumption in infants ages 8 to 24 months.
► We examine the anti-obesity and anti-atherogenic effects of natural tomato-wine. ► Tomato-wine enriched with lycopene suppresses body weight gain in obese rats. ► Tomato-wine inhibits fatty acid ...synthesis and lipid droplet formation. ► Tomato-wine elevates plasma HDL-cholesterol. ► Tomato-wine enriched with lycopene may help prevent obesity and atherosclerosis.
The functional effects of tomato-wine with varying lycopene content on high-fat diet (HFD) fed rats are unknown. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n=50) were randomly divided into five groups and fed a HFD (35%kcal fat) with ethanol (7.2%kcal alcohol), tomato-wine with varying lycopene content (0.425, 1.140 or 2.045mg% lycopene) or an isocaloric control diet for 6weeks. Morphological, toxicological and metabolic analysis was conducted in liver, adipose, plasma and faeces. Body weight gain, adipose and liver weight was reduced in HFD fed rats administered tomato-wine with varying lycopene content, although tomato-wine with higher lycopene was more effective. The anti-obesity effect of tomato wine appears to be partially mediated through the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and lipid droplet formation. Furthermore, tomato-wine appears to have an anti-atherogenic effect via augmentation of plasma HDL-C levels. The present findings suggest tomato-wine fortified with lycopene may be an effective anti-obesity agent.
Worldwide obesity and related comorbidities are increasing, but identifying new therapeutic targets remains a challenge. A plethora of microarray studies in diet-induced obesity models has provided ...large datasets of obesity associated genes. In this review, we describe an approach to examine the underlying molecular network regulating obesity, and we discuss interactions between obesity candidate genes. We conducted network analysis on functional protein–protein interactions associated with 25 obesity candidate genes identified in a literature-driven approach based on published microarray studies of diet-induced obesity. The obesity candidate genes were closely associated with lipid metabolism and inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (Pparg) appeared to be a core obesity gene, and obesity candidate genes were highly interconnected, suggesting a coordinately regulated molecular network in adipose tissue. In conclusion, the current network analysis approach may help elucidate the underlying molecular network regulating obesity and identify anti-obesity targets for therapeutic intervention.
Involuntary physical activity induced by the avoidance of electrical shock leads to improved endurance exercise capacity in animals. However, it remains unknown whether voluntary stand-up physical ...activity (SPA) without forced simulating factors improves endurance exercise capacity in animals. We examined the eff ects of SPA on body weight, cardiac function, and endurance exercise capacity for 12 weeks. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 8 weeks, n=6 per group) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) or a voluntary SPA group. The rats were induced to perform voluntary SPA (lifting a load equal to their body weight), while the food height (18.0 cm) in cages was increased progressively by 3.5 every 4 weeks until it reached 28.5 cm for 12 weeks. The SPA group showed a lower body weight compared to the CON group, but voluntary SPA did not affect the skeletal muscle and heart weights, food intake, and echocardiography results. Although the SPA group showed higher grip strength, running time, and distance compared to the CON group, the level of irisin, corticosterone, genetic expression of mitochondrial biogenesis, and nuclei numbers were not affected. These findings show that voluntary SPA without any forced stimuli in rats can eff ectively reduce body weight and enhance endurance exercise capacity, suggesting that it may be an important alternative strategy to enhance endurance exercise capacity.
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