In the writings of Nicola Vicentino (1555) and Gioseffo Zarlino (1558) is found, for the first time, a systematic means of explaining music's expressive power based upon the specific melodic and ...harmonic intervals from which it is constructed. This "theory of interval affect" originates not with these theorists, however, but with their teacher, influential Venetian composer Adrian Willaert (1490-1562). Because Willaert left no theoretical writings of his own, Timothy McKinney uses Willaert's music to reconstruct his innovative theories concerning how music might communicate extramusical ideas. For Willaert, the appellations "major" and "minor" no longer signified merely the larger and smaller of a pair of like-numbered intervals; rather, they became categories of sonic character, the members of which are related by a shared sounding property of "majorness" or "minorness" that could be manipulated for expressive purposes. This book engages with the madrigals of Willaert's landmark Musica nova collection and demonstrates that they articulate a theory of musical affect more complex and forward-looking than recognized currently. The book also traces the origins of one of the most widespread musical associations in Western culture: the notion that major intervals, chords and scales are suitable for the expression of happy affections, and minor for sad ones. McKinney concludes by discussing the influence of Willaert's theory on the madrigals of composers such as Vicentino, Zarlino, Cipriano de Rore, Girolamo Parabosco, Perissone Cambio, Francesco dalla Viola, and Baldassare Donato, and describes the eventual transformation of the theory of interval affect from the Renaissance view based upon individual intervals measured from the bass, to the Baroque view based upon invertible triadic entities.
Engineered nanomaterials have been developed for widespread applications due to many highly unique and desirable characteristics. The purpose of this study was to assess pulmonary inflammation and ...subepicardial arteriolar reactivity in response to multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) inhalation and evaluate the time course of vascular alterations. Rats were exposed to MWCNT aerosols producing pulmonary deposition. Pulmonary inflammation via bronchoalveolar lavage and MWCNT translocation from the lungs to systemic organs was evident 24 h post-inhalation. Coronary arterioles were evaluated 24-168 h post-exposure to determine microvascular response to changes in transmural pressure, endothelium-dependent and -independent reactivity. Myogenic responsiveness, vascular smooth muscle reactivity to nitric oxide, and α-adrenergic responses all remained intact. However, a severe impact on endothelium-dependent dilation was observed within 24 h after MWCNT inhalation, a condition which improved, but did not fully return to control after 168 h. In conclusion, results indicate that MWCNT inhalation not only leads to pulmonary inflammation and cytotoxicity at low lung burdens, but also a low level of particle translocation to systemic organs. MWCNT inhalation also leads to impairments of endothelium-dependent dilation in the coronary microcirculation within 24 h, a condition which does not fully dissipate within 168 h. The innovations within the field of nanotechnology, while exciting and novel, can only reach their full potential if toxicity is first properly assessed.
Deposition of crystallized monosodium urate (MSU) in joints as a result of hyperuricemia is a central risk factor for gout. However other factors must exist that control the progression from ...hyperuricaemia to gout. A previous genetic association study has implicated the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) which activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway upon stimulation by MSU crystals. The T-allele of single nucleotide polymorphism rs2149356 in TLR4 is a risk factor associated with gout in a Chinese study. Our aim was to replicate this observation in participants of European and New Zealand Polynesian (Māori and Pacific) ancestry. A total of 2250 clinically-ascertained prevalent gout cases and 13925 controls were used. Non-clinically-ascertained incident gout cases and controls from the Health Professional Follow-up (HPFS) and Nurses Health Studies (NHS) were also used. Genotypes were derived from genome-wide genotype data or directly obtained using Taqman. Logistic regression analysis was done including age, sex, diuretic exposure and ancestry as covariates as appropriate. The T-allele increased the risk of gout in the clinically-ascertained European samples (OR = 1.12, P = 0.012) and decreased the risk of gout in Polynesians (OR = 0.80, P = 0.011). There was no evidence for association in the HPFS or NHS sample sets. In conclusion TLR4 SNP rs2143956 associates with gout risk in prevalent clinically-ascertained gout in Europeans, in a direction consistent with previously published results in Han Chinese. However, with an opposite direction of association in Polynesians and no evidence for association in a non-clinically-ascertained incident gout cohort this variant should be analysed in other international gout genetic data sets to determine if there is genuine evidence for association.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The acute gout flare results from a localised self-limiting innate immune response to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals deposited in joints in hyperuricaemic individuals. Activation of the caspase ...recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) NOD-like receptor pyrin-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by MSU crystals and production of mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is central to acute gouty arthritis. However very little is known about genetic control of the innate immune response involved in acute gouty arthritis. Therefore our aim was to test functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants in the toll-like receptor (TLR)-inflammasome-IL-1β axis for association with gout.
1,494 gout cases of European and 863 gout cases of New Zealand (NZ) Polynesian (Māori and Pacific Island) ancestry were included. Gout was diagnosed by the 1977 ARA gout classification criteria. There were 1,030 Polynesian controls and 10,942 European controls including from the publicly-available Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) and Framingham Heart (FHS) studies. The ten SNPs were either genotyped by Sequenom MassArray or by Affymetrix SNP array or imputed in the ARIC and FHS datasets. Allelic association was done by logistic regression adjusting by age and sex with European and Polynesian data combined by meta-analysis. Sample sets were pooled for multiplicative interaction analysis, which was also adjusted by sample set.
Eleven SNPs were tested in the TLR2, CD14, IL1B, CARD8, NLRP3, MYD88, P2RX7, DAPK1 and TNXIP genes. Nominally significant (P < 0.05) associations with gout were detected at CARD8 rs2043211 (OR = 1.12, P = 0.007), IL1B rs1143623 (OR = 1.10, P = 0.020) and CD14 rs2569190 (OR = 1.08; P = 0.036). There was significant multiplicative interaction between CARD8 and IL1B (P = 0.005), with the IL1B risk genotype amplifying the risk effect of CARD8.
There is evidence for association of gout with functional variants in CARD8, IL1B and CD14. The gout-associated allele of IL1B increases expression of IL-1β - the multiplicative interaction with CARD8 would be consistent with a synergy of greater inflammasome activity (resulting from reduced CARD8) combined with higher levels of pre-IL-1β expression leading to increased production of mature IL-1β in gout.
Nanotechnology: Toxicologic Pathology Hubbs, Ann F.; Sargent, Linda M.; Porter, Dale W. ...
Toxicologic pathology,
02/2013, Letnik:
41, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Nanotechnology involves technology, science, and engineering in dimensions less than 100 nm. A virtually infinite number of potential nanoscale products can be produced from many different molecules ...and their combinations. The exponentially increasing number of nanoscale products will solve critical needs in engineering, science, and medicine. However, the virtually infinite number of potential nanotechnology products is a challenge for toxicologic pathologists. Because of their size, nanoparticulates can have therapeutic and toxic effects distinct from micron-sized particulates of the same composition. In the nanoscale, distinct intercellular and intracellular translocation pathways may provide a different distribution than that obtained by micron-sized particulates. Nanoparticulates interact with subcellular structures including microtubules, actin filaments, centrosomes, and chromatin; interactions that may be facilitated in the nanoscale. Features that distinguish nanoparticulates from fine particulates include increased surface area per unit mass and quantum effects. In addition, some nanotechnology products, including the fullerenes, have a novel and reactive surface. Augmented microscopic procedures including enhanced dark-field imaging, immunofluorescence, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy are useful when evaluating nanoparticulate toxicologic pathology. Thus, the pathology assessment is facilitated by understanding the unique features at the nanoscale and the tools that can assist in evaluating nanotoxicology studies.
The voice-leading rule of music theory that forbids consecutive perfect consonances of the same size between a pair of voices became firmly entrenched in the 14th century when counterpoint treatises ...began to replace those describing the older practices of organum and discant. A similar yet far more unusual rule discouraging consecutive imperfect consonances of the same size and quality appeared in the middle of the 16th century in the writings of a small group of music theorists that included two of the most significant of the period, Nicola Vicentino (1555) and Gioseffo Zarlino (1558). Others mentioning the rule about the same time include Jerome Cardan (c.1546) and Juan Bermudo (1555). Although Vicentino and Zarlino attempted to justify the new rule, their arguments appear strained and lack widespread substantiation in contemporaneous compositional practice. The present study examines their theoretical underpinnings for the rule, agrees with Karol Berger's suggestion that the rule was taught by composer Adrian Willaert, and supports this hypothesis through analysis of Willaert's madrigals. In Willaerts magnum opus, Musica nova, written by early in the 1540s yet not officially published until 1559, parallel imperfect consonances are not avoided in general, but the false relation produced by consecutive major 3rds over a whole-step in the bass sometimes is used for expressive purposes. The fact that Willaert follows the rule less closely in his earlier madrigals than in his mature ones also suggests that it may have been of his own devising rather than being something he himself was taught.
Adrian Willaert’s madrigal Ne l’amar’e fredd’onde appeared in Rore’s third book of five- voice madrigals in 1548, eleven years before Willaert’s famous Musica nova madrigals were published but well ...after they were composed. As Martha Feldman has shown, the text of Ne l’amar’e fredd’onde was written by Lelio Capilupi as a tribute to Helena Barozza, likely by commission of her husband, the Venetian patrician and numismatist Antonio Zantani. Antonio and Helena were prominent personages in Venice with multiple ties to the arts and literature. Antonio’s failed attempt to publish madrigals from Musica nova, his documented interactions with Willaert’s circle, and the presence of certain technical affinities I find between the Musica nova madrigals and Ne l’amar’e fredd’onde raise interesting questions concerning the relationship between Zantani and the social context of Musica nova. The essay examines what the madrigals’ similarities and differences tell us about the private and privileged status of Willaert’s Musica nova style in connection with Venetian society and artistic patronage. Overall Ne l’amar’e fredd’onde adopts a more widely approachable style than the serious academic weightiness that characterizes the Musica nova madrigals. Yet it includes a harmonic language and expressive musical codes developed for, and prized by, the elite Venetian cultural circle for which Musica nova was intended, and apparently meant to speak specifically to Zantani, Ne l’amar’e fredd’onde’s probable patron, as well. Some technical features of the intensely private style Willaert cultivated in the Musica nova madrigals later became emblematic of Venetian madrigal style more generally.
The famous 1551 debate between Nicola Vicentino and Vicente Lusitano concerned whether contemporary music was written in the diatonic genus, as Lusitano asserted, or whether it represented a mixture ...of the genera, as Vicentino argued. The judges ruled against Vicentino, who in 1555 published in L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica a full exposition of his views on the genera and a description of the debate and its aftermath. His bitterness over the debate and the ongoing controversy surrounding it are well documented. What has not been recognized, however, is the agenda behind the contrapuntal structure of his polyphonic exemplar of the diatonic genus in the treatise. He asserts that ‘considerable harshness is felt in this music, compared to that which is tempered and mixed contemporary practice’. The article shows that Vicentino infused the example with harmonic and contrapuntal devices described elsewhere in his treatise as appropriate for expressing harshness, devices that he, along with Zarlino, learned from Willaert. In this way Vicentino hoped to render it uncouth and thereby distance the diatonic genus from contemporary practice, thus bolstering his stance in the debate. Comparative examination of two other examples of purely diatonic composition by Vicentino and Ghiselin Danckerts, one of the judges in the debate, provides further evidence of Vicentino's agenda.
Latent variable models analogous to those developed by
L. J. Williams, M. B. Gavin, and M. L. Williams (1996)
were used to investigate the measurement and nonmeasurement relationships of negative ...affectivity (NA) and positive affectivity (PA) with the Job Diagnostic Survey scales. Reanalyses performed on data collected as part of an organizational assessment of nonfaculty university employees (
N
= 644) showed NA and PA to have weak measurement and substantive relationships with the job characteristics and affective outcomes scales. The relationships between job characteristics and job outcomes were not associated with NA. However, PA showed a weak association with these relationships. Implications for future research on affectivity's roles as substantive and methodological variables in organizational assessment are discussed.
PDF
