Mutations of protein kinases and cytokines are common and can cause cancer and other diseases. However, our understanding of the mutability in these genes remains rudimentary. Therefore, given ...previously known factors which are associated with high mutation rates, we analyzed how many genes encoding druggable kinases match (i) proximity to telomeres or (ii) high A+T content. We extracted this genomic information using the National Institute of Health Genome Data Viewer. First, among 129 druggable human kinase genes studied, 106 genes satisfied either factors (i) or (ii), resulting in an 82% match. Moreover, a similar 85% match rate was found in 73 genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Based on these promising matching rates, we further compared these two factors utilizing 20 de novo mutations of mice exposed to space-like ionizing radiation, in order to determine if these seemingly random mutations were similarly predictable with this strategy. However, only 10 of these 20 murine genetic loci met (i) or (ii), leading to only a 50% match. When compared with the mechanisms of top-selling FDA approved drugs, this data suggests that matching rate analysis on druggable targets is feasible to systematically prioritize the relative mutability-and therefore therapeutic potential-of the novel candidates.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
An important challenge in the fabrication of tissue engineered constructs for regenerative medical applications is the development of processes capable of delivering cells and biomaterials to ...specific locations in a consistent manner. Electrospraying live cells has been introduced in recent years as a cell seeding method, but its effect on phenotype nor genotype has not been explored. A promising candidate for the cellular component of these constructs are human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), which are multipotent stem cells that can be differentiated into fat, bone, and cartilage cells. They can be easily and safely obtained from adipose tissue, regardless of the age and sex of the donor. Moreover, these cells can be maintained and expanded in culture for long periods of time without losing their differentiation capacity. In this study, hASCs directly incorporated into a polymer solution were electrosprayed, inducing differentiation into chondrocytes, without the addition of any exogenous factors. Multiple studies have demonstrated the effects of exposing hASCs to biomolecules-such as soluble growth factors, chemokines, and morphogens-to induce chondrogenesis. Transforming growth factors (e.g., TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic proteins are particularly known to play essential roles in the induction of chondrogenesis. Although growth factors have great therapeutic potential for cell-based cartilage regeneration, these growth factor-based therapies have presented several clinical complications, including high dose requirements, low half-life, protein instability, higher costs, and adverse effects in vivo. The present data suggests that electrospraying has great potential as hASCs-based therapy for cartilage regeneration.
Symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are somewhat similar, and it is common to misdiagnose these two conditions. Although there are fluid markers detectable in ...humans with NPH and AD, determining which biomarker is optimal in representing genetic characteristics consistent throughout species is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesize that NPH can be differentiated from AD with mRNA biomarkers of unvaried proximity to telomeres. We examined human caudate nucleus tissue samples for the expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) and amyloid precursor protein (APP). Using the genome data viewer, we analyzed the mutability of TRPV4 and other genes in mice, rats, and humans through matching nucleotides of six genes of interest and one house keeping gene with two factors associated with high mutation rate: 1) proximity to telomeres or 2) high adenine and thymine (A + T) content. We found that TRPV4 and microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) mRNA were elevated in NPH. In AD, mRNA expression of TRPV4 was unaltered unlike APP and other genes. In mice, rats, and humans, the nucleotide size of TRPV4 did not vary, while in other genes, the sizes were inconsistent. Proximity to telomeres in TRPV4 was <50 Mb across species. Our analyses reveal that TRPV4 gene size and mutability are conserved across three species, suggesting that TRPV4 can be a potential link in the pathophysiology of chronic hydrocephalus in aged humans (>65 years) and laboratory rodents at comparable ages.
Monogenic hypertension is rare and caused by genetic mutations, but whether factors associated with mutations are disease-specific remains uncertain. Given two factors associated with high mutation ...rates, we tested how many previously known genes match with (i) proximity to telomeres or (ii) high adenine and thymine content in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) related to vascular stiffening. We extracted genomic information using a genome data viewer. In human chromosomes, 64 of 79 genetic loci involving >25 rare mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms satisfied (i) or (ii), resulting in an 81% matching rate. However, this high matching rate was no longer observed as we checked the two factors in genes associated with essential hypertension (EH), thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA), and congenital heart disease (CHD), resulting in matching rates of 53%, 70%, and 75%, respectively. A matching of telomere proximity or high adenine and thymine content projects the list of loci involving rare mutations of monogenic hypertension better than those of other CVDs, likely due to adoption of rigorous criteria for true-positive signals. Our data suggest that the factor-disease matching rate is an accurate tool that can explain deleterious mutations of monogenic hypertension at a >80% match-unlike the relatively lower matching rates found in human genes of EH, TAA, CHD, and familial Parkinson's disease.
Mutations of ion channels and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are not uncommon and can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Given previously reported multiple factors associated with high mutation ...rates, we sorted the relative mutability of multiple human genes by (i) proximity to telomeres and/or (ii) high adenine and thymine (A+T) content. We extracted genomic information using the genome data viewer and examined the mutability of 118 ion channel and 143 GPCR genes based on their association with factors (i) and (ii). We then assessed these two factors with 31 genes encoding ion channels or GPCRs that are targeted by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Out of the 118 ion channel genes studied, 80 met either factor (i) or (ii), resulting in a 68% match. In contrast, a 78% match was found for the 143 GPCR genes. We also found that the GPCR genes (
= 20) targeted by FDA-approved drugs have a relatively lower mutability than those genes encoding ion channels (
= 11), where targeted genes encoding GPCRs were shorter in length. The result of this study suggests that the use of matching rate analysis on factor-druggable genome is feasible to systematically compare the relative mutability of GPCRs and ion channels. The analysis on chromosomes by two factors identified a unique characteristic of GPCRs, which have a significant relationship between their nucleotide sizes and proximity to telomeres, unlike most genetic loci susceptible to human diseases.
Abstract only Hypertension remains the single biggest risk factor contributing to the global burden of disease and mortality. Despite the prevalence of individuals with elevated blood pressure, the ...role of genetics in hypertension is poorly understood. We have recently demonstrated that mutations causative to the congenital disorder can be projected by a stochastic approach centered on chromosomal characteristics of proximity to telomeres (F(i)) and adenine and thymine (A+T) content (F(ii)). Here, we investigated the two chromosomal factors, F(i) and F(ii), to determine whether they are associated with high mutation rates in human genes related to essential and monogenic hypertension (MH). In essential hypertension, the mismatch of two factors and the disease as well as the correlation between the full-length size of the genes and A+T content was either unexpectedly low (~53%) or statistically insignificant. When we examined 79 genes susceptible to MH and contributing to the genetic architecture of hypertension focusing on the factor-disease matching rate, 64 of 79 genes exclusively satisfied either the F(i) or F(ii) condition. Unlike the previous study on essential hypertension, a quarter of these genes displayed high A+T content at higher than 59%. 16% of genes (13 of 79) associated with hypertension met neither F(i) nor F(ii). Furthermore, 2 of 79 genes met both F(i) and F(ii). Our analysis suggests that these two factors can explain the cause of genetic mutations in 79 loci proposed in MH roughly at an 80% rate. In comparison, these two factors proposed can only explain the cause of idiopathic disease such as essential hypertension at a rate comparable to flipping a coin (50 %). The proposed genomic analyses demonstrate an intermediate matching rate or a mediocre predictability (~75% or less) between the cause of genetic mutations and the disease in the cases of congenital heart disease, thoracic aortic aneurysm, and age-related degenerative disorder.
Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) is caused by genetic mutations, but whether factors impacting human genetic mutations are disease-specific remains elusive. Given two factors associated with high ...mutation rates, we reviewed how many disease-susceptible genes match with (i) proximity to telomeres or (ii) high adenine and thymine (A + T) content in human CH as compared to other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). We extracted genomic information using a genome data viewer. Importantly, 98 of 108 genes causing CH satisfied (i) or (ii), resulting in >90% matching rate. However, such a high accordance no longer sustained as we checked two factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and/or familial Parkinson's disease (fPD), resulting in 84% and 59% matching, respectively. A disease-specific matching of telomere proximity or high A + T content predicts causative genes of CH much better than neurodegenerative diseases and other CNS conditions, likely due to sufficient number of known causative genes (n = 108) and precise determination and classification of the genotype and phenotype. Our analysis suggests a need for identifying genetic basis of both factors before human clinical studies, to prioritize putative genes found in preclinical models into the likely (meeting at least one) and more likely candidate (meeting both), which predisposes human genes to mutations.
•High mutation rate of a gene is associated with proximity to telomeres and A + T content.•92/108 genes evoking congenital hydrocephalus (CH) met (i) <50 Mbp near telomeres.•31/108 genes resulting in CH showed low GC content or (ii) A + T content at > 59%.•Factor (i) or (ii) predicts genes causing CH at >90% matching rate.
Mutations of protein kinases and cytokines are common and can cause cancer and other diseases. However, our understanding of the mutability in these genes remains rudimentary. Therefore, given ...previously known factors which are associated with high mutation rates, we analyzed how many genes encoding druggable kinases match (i) proximity to telomeres or (ii) high A+T content. We extracted this genomic information using the National Institute of Health Genome Data Viewer. First, among 129 druggable human kinase genes studied, 106 genes satisfied either factors (i) or (ii), resulting in an 82% match. Moreover, a similar 85% match rate was found in 73 genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Based on these promising matching rates, we further compared these two factors utilizing 20 de novo mutations of mice exposed to space-like ionizing radiation, in order to determine if these seemingly random mutations were similarly predictable with this strategy. However, only 10 of these 20 murine genetic loci met (i) or (ii), leading to only a 50% match. When compared with the mechanisms of top-selling FDA approved drugs, this data suggests that matching rate analysis on druggable targets is feasible to systematically prioritize the relative mutability-and therefore therapeutic potential-of the novel candidates.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background: We evaluated factors associated with public drug injection among a cohort of injection drug users (SEOSI) originally recruited from within Vancouver's supervised injecting facility (SIF). ...Methods: We used univariate statistics and logistic regression to examine factors associated with public drug injection among SEOSI participants. Findings: Between June 2004 and July 2005, 714 IDU were followed up as part of SEOSI. In multivariate analyses, factors associated with public drug injection included homelessness (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.10; p < .001), syringe lending (aOR = 5.39; p < .001), requiring help injecting (aOR = 1.60; p = .05), and reporting that wait times affected frequency of SIF use (aOR = 3.26; p < .001). Interpretation: Persistent public injection was independently associated with elevated HIV risk behaviors, as well as programmatic factors that limit SIF use. SIF program expansion may further help to reduce persistent risk behaviors and the community concerns related to public injection drug use.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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