This guide to estimating daily and monthly actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation covers topics that are of interest to researchers, consulting hydrologists and practicing engineers. ...Topics include estimating actual evaporation from deep lakes and from farm dams and for catchment water balance studies, estimating potential evaporation as input to rainfall-runoff models, and reference crop evapotranspiration for small irrigation areas, and for irrigation within large irrigation districts. Inspiration for this guide arose in response to the authors' experiences in reviewing research papers and consulting reports where estimation of the actual evaporation component in catchment and water balance studies was often inadequately handled. Practical guides using consistent terminology that cover both theory and practice are not readily available. Here we provide such a guide, which is divided into three parts. The first part provides background theory and an outline of the conceptual models of potential evaporation of Penman, Penman-Monteith and Priestley-Taylor, as well as discussions of reference crop evapotranspiration and Class-A pan evaporation. The last two sub-sections in this first part include techniques to estimate actual evaporation from (i) open-surface water and (ii) landscapes and catchments (Morton and the advection-aridity models). The second part addresses topics confronting a practicing hydrologist, e.g. estimating actual evaporation for deep lakes, shallow lakes and farm dams, lakes covered with vegetation, catchments, irrigation areas and bare soil. The third part addresses six related issues: (i) automatic (hard wired) calculation of evaporation estimates in commercial weather stations, (ii) evaporation estimates without wind data, (iii) at-site meteorological data, (iv) dealing with evaporation in a climate change environment, (v) 24 h versus day-light hour estimation of meteorological variables, and (vi) uncertainty in evaporation estimates. This paper is supported by a Supplement that includes 21 sections enhancing the material in the text, worked examples of many procedures discussed in the paper, a program listing (Fortran 90) of Morton's WREVAP evaporation models along with tables of monthly Class-A pan coefficients for 68 locations across Australia and other information.
We report the discovery and monitoring of the near-infrared counterpart (AT2017gfo) of a binary neutron-star merger event detected as a gravitational wave source by Advanced Laser Interferometer ...Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO)/Virgo (GW170817) and as a short gamma-ray burst by Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and Integral SPI-ACS (GRB 170817A). The evolution of the transient light is consistent with predictions for the behavior of a "kilonova/macronova" powered by the radioactive decay of massive neutron-rich nuclides created via r-process nucleosynthesis in the neutron-star ejecta. In particular, evidence for this scenario is found from broad features seen in Hubble Space Telescope infrared spectroscopy, similar to those predicted for lanthanide-dominated ejecta, and the much slower evolution in the near-infrared K s -band compared to the optical. This indicates that the late-time light is dominated by high-opacity lanthanide-rich ejecta, suggesting nucleosynthesis to the third r-process peak (atomic masses A 195 ). This discovery confirms that neutron-star mergers produce kilo-/macronovae and that they are at least a major-if not the dominant-site of rapid neutron capture nucleosynthesis in the universe.
We mapped histone H3 lysine 4 di- and trimethylation and lysine 9/14 acetylation across the nonrepetitive portions of human chromosomes 21 and 22 and compared patterns of lysine 4 dimethylation for ...several orthologous human and mouse loci. Both chromosomes show punctate sites enriched for modified histones. Sites showing trimethylation correlate with transcription starts, while those showing mainly dimethylation occur elsewhere in the vicinity of active genes. Punctate methylation patterns are also evident at the cytokine and IL-4 receptor loci. The Hox clusters present a strikingly different picture, with broad lysine 4-methylated regions that overlay multiple active genes. We suggest these regions represent active chromatin domains required for the maintenance of Hox gene expression. Methylation patterns at orthologous loci are strongly conserved between human and mouse even though many methylated sites do not show sequence conservation notably higher than background. This suggests that the DNA elements that direct the methylation represent only a small fraction of the region or lie at some distance from the site.
The First Data Release (DR1) of the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) took place on 2006 July 21. The UKIDSS is a set of five large near-infrared surveys, covering a ...complementary range of areas, depths and Galactic latitudes. The DR1 is the first large release of survey-quality data from the UKIDSS and includes 320 deg2 of multicolour data to (Vega) K= 18, complete (depending on the survey) in three to five bands from the set ZYJHK, together with 4 deg2 of deep JK data to an average depth K= 21. In addition, the release includes a similar quantity of data with incomplete filter coverage. In JHK, in regions of low extinction, the photometric uniformity of the calibration is better than 0.02 mag in each band. The accuracy of the calibration in ZY remains to be quantified, and the same is true of JHK in regions of high extinction. The median image full width at half-maximum across the data set is 0.82 arcsec. We describe changes since the Early Data Release in the implementation, pipeline and calibration, quality control, and archive procedures. We provide maps of the areas surveyed, and summarize the contents of each of the five surveys in terms of filters, areas and depths. The DR1 marks completion of 7 per cent of the UKIDSS seven-year goals.
Loss of PTEN function leads to activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling and Akt. Clinical trials are now testing whether mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition is useful in ...treating PTEN-null cancers. Here, we report that mTOR inhibition induced apoptosis of epithelial cells and the complete reversal of a neoplastic phenotype in the prostate of mice expressing human AKT1 in the ventral prostate. Induction of cell death required the mitochondrial pathway, as prostate-specific coexpression of BCL2 blocked apoptosis. Thus, there is an mTOR-dependent survival signal required downstream of Akt. Bcl2 expression, however, only partially restored intraluminal cell growth in the setting of mTOR inhibition. Expression profiling showed that Hif-1 alpha targets, including genes encoding most glycolytic enzymes, constituted the dominant transcriptional response to AKT activation and mTOR inhibition. These data suggest that the expansion of AKT-driven prostate epithelial cells requires mTOR-dependent survival signaling and activation of HIF-1 alpha, and that clinical resistance to mTOR inhibitors may emerge through BCL2 expression and/or upregulation of HIF-1 alpha activity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM) is a cryogenic balloon-borne instrument that will survey galaxy and star formation history over cosmological timescales. Rather ...than identifying individual objects, EXCLAIM will be a pathfinder to demonstrate an intensity mapping approach, which measures the cumulative redshifted line emission. EXCLAIM will operate at 420–540 GHz with a spectral resolution
R
=
512
to measure the integrated CO and CII in redshift windows spanning
0
<
z
<
3.5
. CO and CII line emissions are key tracers of the gas phases in the interstellar medium involved in star formation processes. EXCLAIM will shed light on questions such as why the star formation rate declines at
z
<
2
, despite continued clustering of the dark matter. The instrument will employ an array of six superconducting integrated grating-analog spectrometers (
μ
-Spec) coupled to microwave kinetic inductance detectors. Here we present an overview of the EXCLAIM instrument design and status.
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 860 mu m imaging of four high-redshift (z = 2.8-5.7) dusty sources that were detected using the South Pole Telescope (SPT) at 1.4 mm and ...are not seen in existing radio to far-infrared catalogs. At 1".5 resolution, the ALMA data reveal multiple images of each submillimeter source, separated by l"-3", consistent with strong lensing by intervening galaxies visible in near-IR imaging of these sources. We describe a gravitational lens modeling procedure that operates on the measured visibilities and incorporates self-calibration-like antenna phase corrections as part of the model optimization, which we use to interpret the source structure. Lens models indicate that SPT0346-52, located at z = 5.7, is one of the most luminous and intensely star-forming sources in the universe with a lensing corrected FIR luminosity of 3.7 x 10 super(13) L sub(middot in circle) and star formation surface density of 4200 M sub(middot in circle) yr super(-1) kpc super(-2). We find magnification factors of 5 to 22, with lens Einstein radii of 1".1-2".0 and Einstein enclosed masses of 1.6-7.2 x 10 super(11) M sub(middot in circle). These observations confirm the lensing origin of these objects, allow us to measure their intrinsic sizes and luminosities, and demonstrate the important role that ALMA will play in the interpretation of lensed submillimeter sources.
Twenty cows were used in a randomized block design experiment for 6 wk to determine the influence of feeding partial ruminally inert Ca salts of palm and fish oil (Ca-PFO), alone or in combination ...with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil, on milk fatty acid (FA) methyl esters composition and consumer acceptability of milk and Cheddar cheese. Cows were fed either a diet containing 44% forage and 56% concentrate (control) or a diet supplemented with 2.7% Ca-PFO (FO), 5% extruded full-fat soybeans + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOESM), or 0.75% soybean oil + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOSO). Total dietary FA content in the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO diets were 4.61, 6.28, 6.77, and 6.62 g/100 g, respectively. There was no difference in nutrient intake, milk yield, or milk composition among treatments. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) Csubscript 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 isomer, Csubscript 18:1 trans-11 (VA), and total n-3 FA in milk from cows on the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO treatments were 0.56, 1.20, 1.36, and 1.74; 3.29, 4.66, 6.34, and 7.81; 0.62, 0.69, 0.69, and 0.67 g/100 g of FA, respectively. Concentrations of CLA, VA, and total n-3 FA in cheese were similar to milk. A trained sensory panel detected no difference in flavors of milk and cheese, except for acid flavor below a slightly perceptible level in cheese from all treatments. Results suggest that feeding Ca-PFO alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil enhanced the CLA, VA, total unsaturated and n-3 FA in milk and cheese without negatively affecting cow performance and consumer acceptability characteristics of milk and cheese.
The surface of the rubble‐pile asteroid (101955) Bennu has been characterized in detail by the OSIRIS‐REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer) ...mission. By examining global and local digital terrain models, we observed that Bennu possesses terraces, that is, a series of roughly latitude‐parallel, step‐like slope breaks. These partially circumscribe the poles and extend east‐west over several longitudinal quadrants at mid‐ to high (≥30°) latitudes. The terraces are subtle in amplitude, with heights ranging from 1 to 5 m. They often exhibit back‐wasting that results in V‐shaped scarps that open downslope in some locations. When boulders >5–10 m are absent at or near a terrace, the steeper portion (the drop) of the terrace lacks rocks, whereas the flatter portion (the bench) of the terrace has accumulations of rocks at its crest. When boulders >5–10 m are present, their steep downslope faces often make up the drop from the terrace crest, and they retain debris upslope, thereby enhancing the terrace structure. A geotechnical stability analysis indicates that Bennu's surface is likely unstable and that surface cohesion is <0.6 Pa. Bennu's terraces strongly resemble scarps generated in laboratory and numerical simulations of a cohesionless granular bed as the slope of the bed increases quasi‐statically. We conclude that terraces are probably actively forming on Bennu as its surface slowly fails owing to creep induced by spin acceleration.
Plain Language Summary
Analyzing the landscape of a planetary body can shed light on the processes that shape its surface over time. We used data acquired by the OSIRIS‐REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer) mission to explore the rubble‐covered landscape of the near‐Earth asteroid Bennu. We observed subtle step‐like features, or terraces, no more than about 5 m in relief (about half the height of a telephone pole). These terraces are approximately parallel to lines of latitude (i.e., they run east–west) and are located in both the northern and southern hemispheres of Bennu, but not near the equator. Accumulations of rocks tend to be present at the terrace crests, and the terrace faces are usually smooth. Boulders 5–10 m in size form some terraces and enhance the terrace structure by retaining loose material upslope. Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations show that subtle terraces can form in Bennu‐like conditions if the slope of the surface increases. Thus, these landforms are evidence for the ongoing “creep” of loose material on Bennu as surface slopes change in response to the gradual acceleration in the asteroid's spin rate.
Key Points
Bennu exhibits subtle latitudinal terracing at mid‐ to high latitudes
Terrace surface expressions follow expectations from laboratory and numerical investigations
Terraces are an expression of Bennu's current surface instability
The α subunit of the endocytotic AP2 adaptor complex contains a 30 kDa “appendage” domain, which is joined to the rest of the protein via a flexible linker. The 1.9 Å resolution crystal structure of ...this domain reveals a single binding site for its ligands, which include amphiphysin, Eps15, and epsin. This domain when overexpressed in COS7 fibroblasts is shown to inhibit transferrin uptake, whereas mutants in which interactions with its binding partners are abolished do not. DPF/W motifs present in appendage domain–binding partners are shown to play a crucial role in their interactions with the domain. A single site for binding multiple ligands would allow for temporal and spatial regulation in the recruitment of components of the endocytic machinery.
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