We assess American cultural beliefs about labor pain and labor pain management, including stereotypical and disparate beliefs about labor pain of women from different racial groups.
Understanding ...cultural beliefs about labor pain is critical as these beliefs influence experience, interpretation, and treatment of labor pain.
We used an online survey with quantitative and qualitative questions about American labor pain beliefs. Participants were recruited and compensated using TurkPrime's Panels during the first week in August 2017 and the last week in May 2018. The completion rate was 76.86 percent (n = 214). After screening using quality control items, the final sample included 200 respondents.
Qualitative results indicate that 56.5 percent (n = 113) of respondents have an accurate understanding of nociceptive/sensory drivers of labor pain, and 55.8 percent (n = 63) of those respondents focused on the second stage of labor. However, only two respondents (1%) mentioned non-sensory (i.e., psychological) causes of labor pain - reflecting a lack of cultural knowledge of the biopsychosocial nature of pain. Categorical responses indicate almost all respondents (95%; n = 190) believe women have a right to labor pain relief, and the majority believe labor pain has value (68%; n = 136) and should be treated medically (87%; n = 174). Quantitative results document stereotypical beliefs that women of color experience less labor pain than white women. Belief that there is value in experiencing labor pain and that pain should not be treated medically were both associated with greater racial disparities in beliefs about labor pain severity. Beliefs were not related to respondent sociodemographic identity, suggesting they are American cultural constructs.
Future consideration of the influence of dominant American cultural beliefs about labor pain – including misunderstanding of the nature of labor pain and racial bias in expectations of labor pain – on individuals, norms, and structures is expected to improve quality of patient care.
•American beliefs about causes of labor pain are often inaccurate.•Beliefs focus on sensory/physical sources and ignore social/psychological factors.•Explicit belief that women of color experience less labor pain than white women.•General cultural beliefs about labor pain are associated with racial biases.
To quantify microbial contamination of human milk purchased via the Internet as an indicator of disease risk to recipient infants.
Cross-sectional sample of human milk purchased via a popular US ...milk-sharing Web site (2012). Individuals advertising milk were contacted to arrange purchase, and milk was shipped to a rented mailbox in Ohio. The Internet milk samples (n = 101) were compared with unpasteurized samples of milk donated to a milk bank (n = 20).
Most (74%) Internet milk samples were colonized with Gram-negative bacteria or had >10(4) colony-forming units/mL total aerobic count. They exhibited higher mean total aerobic, total Gram-negative, coliform, and Staphylococcus sp counts than milk bank samples. Growth of most species was positively associated with days in transit (total aerobic count log10 colony-forming units/mL β = 0.71 95% confidence interval: 0.38-1.05), and negatively associated with number of months since the milk was expressed (β = -0.36 95% confidence interval: -0.55 to -0.16), per simple linear regression. No samples were HIV type 1 RNA-positive; 21% of Internet samples were cytomegalovirus DNA-positive.
Human milk purchased via the Internet exhibited high overall bacterial growth and frequent contamination with pathogenic bacteria, reflecting poor collection, storage, or shipping practices. Infants consuming this milk are at risk for negative outcomes, particularly if born preterm or are medically compromised. Increased use of lactation support services may begin to address the milk supply gap for women who want to feed their child human milk but cannot meet his or her needs.
From Monologue to Dialogue Curtis, Aaron M.; Dennis, Alan R.; McNamara, Kelly O.
MIS quarterly,
06/2017, Letnik:
41, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Organizations often build virtual teams to draw information from different parts of the organization to enable better decisions. However, communication patterns among virtual team members often ...resemble multiple monologues (in which team members broadcast what they know) rather than dialogues (in which team members mindfully share information they have and consider information from others). The result is that team members often fail to integrate the new information they receive from other team members into their mental models, and decision quality suffers. Collective mindfulness is a team-level process in which team members heedfully contribute to the team discussion, align their own actions with the actions of others, and develop shared mental models. Collective mindfulness is more than a sum of individual mindfulness in much the same way that organizational learning is more than the sum of the individual learning of its members. We compared teams using a traditional synchronous text chat tool to teams using a combination of tools designed to promote collective mindfulness (chat plus a whiteboard). The results suggest that teams using chat plus the whiteboard had increased collective mindfulness, and that this increased collective mindfulness led to improved decision quality. Not all teams were effective in using the whiteboard, indicating it was not the provision of the whiteboard that mattered, but rather how teams appropriated it. We identified four appropriations, the combination of which led to increased collective mindfulness and decision quality: information aggregation, discussion of information distribution, discussion of decision criteria, and voting. If any one of the appropriations was missing, collective mindfulness and decision quality suffered.
Evolution of polymerase chain reaction testing for infectious pathogens has occurred concurrent with a focus on value-based medicine.
To determine if implementation of the FilmArray rapid respiratory ...panel (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, Utah) (hereafter RRP), with a shorter time to the test result and expanded panel, results in different outcomes for children admitted to the hospital with an acute respiratory tract illness.
Patient outcomes were compared before implementation of the RRP (November 1, 2011, to January 31, 2012) versus after implementation of the RRP (November 1, 2012, to January 31, 2013). The study included inpatients 3 months or older with an acute respiratory tract illness, most admitted through the emergency department. Testing before RRP implementation used batched polymerase chain reaction analysis for respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A and B, with additional testing for parainfluenza 1 through 3 in approximately 11% of patients and for human metapneumovirus in less than 1% of patients. The RRP tested for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1 through 4, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, and coronavirus NL62.
The pre-RRP group had 365 patients, and the post-RRP group had 771 patients. After RRP implementation, the mean time to the test result was shorter (383 minutes versus 1119 minutes, P < .001), and the percentage of patients with a result in the emergency department was greater (51.6% versus 13.4%, P < .001). There was no difference in whether antibiotics were prescribed, but the duration of antibiotic use was shorter after RRP implementation (P = .003) and was dependent on receiving test results within 4 hours. If the test result was positive, the inpatient length of stay (P = .03) and the time in isolation (P = .03) were decreased after RRP implementation compared with before RRP implementation.
The RRP decreases the duration of antibiotic use, the length of inpatient stay, and the time in isolation.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
The US Food and Drug Administration recommends against feeding infants human milk from unscreened donors, but sharing milk via the Internet is growing in popularity. Recipient infants risk the ...possibility of consuming contaminated or adulterated milk. Our objective was to test milk advertised for sale online as human milk to verify its human origin and to rule out contamination with cow's milk.
We anonymously purchased 102 samples advertised as human milk online. DNA was extracted from 200 μL of each sample. The presence of human or bovine mitochondrial DNA was assessed with a species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene. Four laboratory-created mixtures representing various dilutions of human milk with fluid cow's milk or reconstituted infant formula were compared with the Internet samples to semiquantitate the extent of contamination with cow's milk.
All Internet samples amplified human DNA. After 2 rounds of testing, 11 samples also contained bovine DNA. Ten of these samples had a level of bovine DNA consistent with human milk mixed with at least 10% fluid cow's milk.
Ten Internet samples had bovine DNA concentrations high enough to rule out minor contamination, suggesting a cow's milk product was added. Cow's milk can be problematic for infants with allergy or intolerance. Because buyers cannot verify the composition of milk they purchase, all should be aware that it might be adulterated with cow's milk. Pediatricians should be aware of the online market for human milk and the potential risks.
To characterize the practice of breast milk sharing via the internet in the US and examine factors associated with participants’ communication regarding potential health and safety risks. This ...cross-sectional study examined all original postings (n = 254) placed during 1 week in 2011 on four websites to facilitate the sharing of breast milk. Postings were characterized for intent and health and safety topics (i.e., selling vs. donating milk, hygiene/handling practices, infectious disease screening, diet/exercise habits, substance and pharmaceutical use, milk quality claims, price) communicated between milk providers and recipients. Approximately 69 % of postings were providing milk and 31 % were seeking milk; 47 % included identifiers. Few provider postings reflected measures to potentially reduce risks to recipients: 20 % mentioned using a healthy handling/hygiene practice, 11 % offered specifics about infectious disease screening, 51 % mentioned limiting/abstaining from 1+ substances. The presence of indications about handling/hygiene, diet/exercise, and abstaining from substances were strongly positively associated with each other (ORs 7.42–13.80), with the odds of selling (ORs 6.03–∞), and with making quality claims (ORs 3.14–13.54), but not with disease screening. One-fifth of recipients sought milk for a child with a medical condition or poor birth outcome. Most recipients (90 %) did not specify any health and safety practices of a provider in their posting. Health behaviors and screening for diseases that may affect milk safety are not prominent topics in postings seeking to share milk. This lack of communication may exacerbate the health risks to recipient infants, especially infants at increased risk due to pre-existing health conditions.
As of October 2019, it is legal for employers to fire a worker if they identify as LGBT. The Employment Nondiscrimination Act (ENDA) was a proposed bill that would have prohibited LGBT discrimination ...in the workplace, but continuously failed to be enacted by Congress. This paper explores ENDA's tempestuous history by conducting a historical analysis of the bill, Congressional Records, and congressional hearings, to identify the factors which influenced ENDA's outcome. The findings indicated support for historical contingency theory because the historical conditions affected (1) the capacity of LGBT groups to advance their interests, and (2) the state managers and their decision to enact ENDA. These findings are important because it offers a clearer history of LGBT politics and shows how cultural attitudes, state policies, and state actors influenced ENDA's policy formation process. Specifically, the analysis highlights that the historical conditions of the years when ENDA was proposed affected its failure to be enacted.
With additional features and increasing cost advantages, e-textbooks are becoming a viable alternative to paper textbooks. One important feature offered by enhanced e-textbooks (e-textbooks with ...interactive functionality) is the ability for instructors to annotate passages with additional insights. This paper describes a pilot study that examines the effects of instructor e-textbook annotations on student learning as measured by multiple-choice and open-ended test items. Fifty-two college students in a business course were randomly assigned either a paper or an electronic version of a textbook chapter. Results show that the e-textbook group outperformed the paper textbook group on the open-ended test item, while both groups performed equally on the multiple-choice subject test. These results suggest that the instructional affordances that an interactive e-textbook provides may lead to higher-level learning.
Improving Learning with eTextbooks Dennis, Alan R.; McNamara, Kelly O.; Morrone, Anastasia S. ...
2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,
01/2015
Conference Proceeding, Journal Article
Etextbooks offer the potential to change the way faculty teach and students learn. One approach to providing etextbooks enables faculty to custom tailor traditional "flat" paper textbooks from major ...publishers by embedding videos and annotating them with comments. We conducted a lab study in which participants read a chapter in a computer networking book either in paper form, or using an etext system with annotations and a video embedded by the faculty member teaching the course using the book. We found that participants who used the etexts scored significantly higher on a test, the effect size was medium (.55). Interesting, participants did not recognize that they learned more and perceived that the paper book better met their learning needs.
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