In many parts of the world, incidence of papillary thyroid cancer is increasing faster than any other malignancy. Most papillary thyroid cancers that are diagnosed are small and are generally ...regarded as being low risk, with little or no effect on mortality. Papillary thyroid cancer is a clinical challenge because it is difficult to prove benefit from the traditional therapeutic triad for this disorder (ie, total thyroidectomy with or without prophylactic central neck dissection, radioiodine remnant ablation, and suppression of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone with levothyroxine). However, risk of disease recurrence might be reduced by these therapies in a subset of patients with more aggressive disease. In the past decade, professional societies and other groups have established evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for management of papillary thyroid cancer, but these efforts have been made difficult by a paucity of randomised controlled trials. In this review, we summarise epidemiological data for disease incidence, discuss some controversies in disease management, and outline a therapeutic framework founded in the best available medical evidence and existing recommendations from clinical practice guidelines.
Abstract
An ever-increasing population of patients with papillary thyroid cancer is engaging with health care systems around the world. Numerous questions about optimal management have arisen that ...challenge conventional paradigms. This is particularly the case for patients with low-risk disease, who comprise most new patients. At the same time, new therapies for patients with advanced disease are also being introduced, which may have the potential to prolong life. This review discusses selected controversial issues in adult papillary thyroid cancer management at both ends of the disease spectrum. These topics include: (i) the role of active surveillance for small papillary cancers; (ii) the extent of surgery in low-risk disease (lobectomy vs total thyroidectomy); (iii) the role of postoperative remnant ablation with radioiodine; (iv) optimal follow-up strategies in patients, especially those who have only undergone lobectomy; and (v) new therapies for advanced disease. Although our current management is hampered by the lack of large randomized controlled trials, we are fortunate that data from ongoing trials will be available within the next few years. This information should provide additional evidence that will decrease morbidity in low-risk patients and improve outcomes in those with distant metastatic disease.
Voriconazole, a triazole antifungal agent, demonstrates wide interpatient variability in serum concentrations, due in part to variant CYP2C19 alleles. Individuals who are CYP2C19 ultrarapid ...metabolizers have decreased trough voriconazole concentrations, delaying achievement of target blood concentrations; whereas poor metabolizers have increased trough concentrations and are at increased risk of adverse drug events. We summarize evidence from the literature supporting this association and provide therapeutic recommendations for the use of voriconazole for treatment based on CYP2C19 genotype (updates at https://cpicpgx.org/guidelines/ and www.pharmgkb.org).
Surface plasmons are collective oscillations of electrons in metals or semiconductors that enable confinement and control of electromagnetic energy at subwavelength scales. Rapid progress in ...plasmonics has largely relied on advances in device nano-fabrication, whereas less attention has been paid to the tunable properties of plasmonic media. One such medium--graphene--is amenable to convenient tuning of its electronic and optical properties by varying the applied voltage. Here, using infrared nano-imaging, we show that common graphene/SiO(2)/Si back-gated structures support propagating surface plasmons. The wavelength of graphene plasmons is of the order of 200 nanometres at technologically relevant infrared frequencies, and they can propagate several times this distance. We have succeeded in altering both the amplitude and the wavelength of these plasmons by varying the gate voltage. Using plasmon interferometry, we investigated losses in graphene by exploring real-space profiles of plasmon standing waves formed between the tip of our nano-probe and the edges of the samples. Plasmon dissipation quantified through this analysis is linked to the exotic electrodynamics of graphene. Standard plasmonic figures of merit of our tunable graphene devices surpass those of common metal-based structures.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Concerns around possible overdiagnosis and overtreatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have been raised. Issues concerning health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after diagnosis and ...treatment of DTC are understudied in this patient group.
To better understand the range of HRQOL outcomes, including possible adverse effects of treatment, associated with diagnosis and treatment of DTC and whether these outcomes vary by type of surgery received.
This content analysis assessed responses to an open-ended question about outcomes and concerns after DTC diagnosis and treatment among patients ascertained from the major postsurgical thyroid cancer treatment center and the population-based Cancer Registry in Queensland, Australia. Participants were aged 18 to 79 years and recently diagnosed with throid cancer. Responses underwent analysis to identify and code emergent themes to describe HRQOL issues and adverse effects of treatment experienced. Quantitative analysis was used to explore whether surgery type was associated with HRQOL issues and/or adverse effects of treatment. Of 1416 eligible patients, 1005 (71.0%) participated. Data were collected from July 1, 2013, through August 31, 2016, and analyzed from January 11 through April 9, 2018.
Issues concerning HRQOL.
The analysis included 1005 patients (72.2% female n = 726; mean SD age, 52 14.0 years) with DTC. Most patients were diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer (889 of 1003 88.6%), had tumors smaller than 2 cm in size (564 of 1000 56.4%), and received a total thyroidectomy (791 of 1005 78.7%). Overall, 775 patients (77.1%) reported HRQOL issues after diagnosis and treatment of DTC. The following 4 main themes emerged from content analysis of patient responses: physical (663 66.0%), psychological (187 18.6%), lifestyle (82 8.2%), and no issue or adverse effect (246 24.5%). Patients who had a total thyroidectomy (without neck dissection) were 1.5 times (odds ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.04-2.12) more likely to report an HRQOL issue or an adverse effect of treatment compared with patients who underwent a hemithyroidectomy.
According to results of this study, patients diagnosed with DTC report wide-ranging HRQOL issues; these are more prevalent among patients who have total thyroidectomies rather than hemithyroidectomies. For patients with small, localized DTCs, hemithyroidectomy may offer fewer adverse effects of treatment and better HRQOL outcomes than total thyroidectomy. It appears that issues with HRQOL should be considered by patients and physicians when deciding on the best treatment approach after a diagnosis of DTC.
Context:
TSH is the major growth factor for thyrocytes and may have a causative role in thyroid cancer.
Objective:
The objective of the study was to systematically assess the association between ...serum TSH and thyroid cancer.
Data Sources:
The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched using synonyms for TSH and thyroid cancer, supplemented with reference list searches and author contact.
Study Selection:
Prospective cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies were identified with TSH the exposure and thyroid cancer the outcome.
Data Extraction:
Three reviewers independently extracted data. Studies reporting odds ratio (OR) for TSH levels and thyroid cancer were analyzed via meta-analysis and generalized least-squares trend estimation for dose-response relationships.
Data Synthesis:
Data extracted from 28 studies included a total of 42,032 subjects and 5,786 thyroid cancer cases. Dose-response spline analysis revealed a nonlinear relationship (P < 0.001). For TSH levels less than 1 mU/liter, the OR for thyroid cancer was 1.72 (1.42, 2.07) per milliunits per liter. However, the relationship changed for TSH levels 1 mU/liter and greater, with the OR thereafter being 1.16 (1.12, 1.21) per milliunits per liter. Studies controlling for autoimmunity reported the lowest OR TSH below 2.5 mU/liter, OR 1.23 (1.02–1.47) per milliunits per liter; TSH 2.5 mU/liter or greater, OR 0.98 (0.89–1.09) per milliunits per liter. Six groups assessed serum TSH in relation to markers of poor thyroid cancer prognosis, with three showing significant positive relationships.
Conclusions:
Higher serum TSH concentration is associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Thyroid autoimmunity may partially explain the association, but further epidemiological assessment is required. Future clinical research should investigate the validity of including serum TSH in diagnostic nomograms, its prognostic importance, and the potential for therapeutic TSH suppression in thyroid cancer prevention.
Thyroid cancer Chen, Debbie W; Lang, Brian H H; McLeod, Donald S A ...
The Lancet (British edition),
05/2023, Letnik:
401, Številka:
10387
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The past 5–10 years have brought in a new era in the care of patients with thyroid cancer, with the introduction of transformative diagnostic and management options. Several international ...ultrasound-based thyroid nodule risk stratification systems have been developed with the goal of reducing unnecessary biopsies. Less invasive alternatives to surgery for low-risk thyroid cancer, such as active surveillance and minimally invasive interventions, are being explored. New systemic therapies are now available for patients with advanced thyroid cancer. However, in the setting of these advances, disparities exist in the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer. As new management options are becoming available for thyroid cancer, it is essential to support population-based studies and randomised clinical trials that will inform evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on the management of thyroid cancer, and to include diverse patient populations in research to better understand and subsequently address existing barriers to equitable thyroid cancer care.
Plasmon polaritons are hybrid excitations of light and mobile electrons that can confine the energy of long-wavelength radiation at the nanoscale. Plasmon polaritons may enable many enigmatic quantum ...effects, including lasing
, topological protection
and dipole-forbidden absorption
. A necessary condition for realizing such phenomena is a long plasmonic lifetime, which is notoriously difficult to achieve for highly confined modes
. Plasmon polaritons in graphene-hybrids of Dirac quasiparticles and infrared photons-provide a platform for exploring light-matter interaction at the nanoscale
. However, plasmonic dissipation in graphene is substantial
and its fundamental limits remain undetermined. Here we use nanometre-scale infrared imaging to investigate propagating plasmon polaritons in high-mobility encapsulated graphene at cryogenic temperatures. In this regime, the propagation of plasmon polaritons is primarily restricted by the dielectric losses of the encapsulated layers, with a minor contribution from electron-phonon interactions. At liquid-nitrogen temperatures, the intrinsic plasmonic propagation length can exceed 10 micrometres, or 50 plasmonic wavelengths, thus setting a record for highly confined and tunable polariton modes. Our nanoscale imaging results reveal the physics of plasmonic dissipation and will be instrumental in mitigating such losses in heterostructure engineering applications.
The thyroid gland is the most common organ affected by autoimmune disease. Other autoimmune diseases, most notably type 1 diabetes mellitus, are increasing in incidence. It is unknown whether ...autoimmune thyroid diseases are following the same pattern. This review summarizes studies of autoimmune thyroid disease incidence and prevalence since 1950, not only for these measures of occurrences, but also for commenting on identified risk factors for thyroid autoimmunity. We find that incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease is currently higher than in historic series although the studies are so variable in design, patient population, disease definition, and laboratory methods that it is impossible to tell whether this difference is real. Further research is required to assess the possibility of changing disease patterns of autoimmune thyroid disease as opposed to simple changes in diagnostic thresholds.
Graphene is an atomically thin plasmonic medium that supports highly confined plasmon polaritons, or nano-light, with very low loss. Electronic properties of graphene can be drastically altered when ...it is laid upon another graphene layer, resulting in a moiré superlattice. The relative twist angle between the two layers is a key tuning parameter of the interlayer coupling in thus-obtained twisted bilayer graphene (TBG). We studied the propagation of plasmon polaritons in TBG by infrared nano-imaging. We discovered that the atomic reconstruction occurring at small twist angles transforms the TBG into a natural plasmon photonic crystal for propagating nano-light. This discovery points to a pathway for controlling nano-light by exploiting quantum properties of graphene and other atomically layered van der Waals materials, eliminating the need for arduous top-down nanofabrication.
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