Black cherry (
Prunus serotina
Ehrh., Rosaceae) is a widespread invader of the European temperate forests and a significant component of the human-caused part of the global environmental changes. Its ...successful invasion results from a complex interaction between the species life traits and the recipient ecosystem attributes. While it has been recorded to develop spontaneously in numerous European countries, in Croatia information details on its population distribution, as well as its current status, are still missing. The individuals of
P. serotina
were found in the pedunculate oak (
Quercus robur
L.) forest regeneration area of Jastrebarsko forest management unit in 2018. This alerted us to start to monitor its spreading area, status and impact on the native plant species in a four-year period (2018-2021). In order to investigate the habitat characteristics, phytosociological approach was applied. In addition, the area was surveyed using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) DJI Mavic 2 Pro and DJI Ground Station Pro. The results showed that P. serotina spread considerably in the regeneration area, which indicates its invasive character. It also caused alteration in current vegetation. Fast initial expansion of P. serotina in 2019 was slowed down in the next 2 years due to performed tending activities, suggesting mechanical measures could help to control its invasive spreading at an early stage of development. This research brought up the first record of the Prunus serotina species in pedunculate oak forest regeneration area of western Croatia with a recommendation to continue the monitoring survey in order to help prevent its spread in the future.
Common or English yew (Taxus baccata L., Taxaceae) is a conifer species, native to Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor and Caucasus. It is a dioecious, wind-pollinated and animal-dispersed tree, ...known for its high-quality wood and medicinal properties, albeit poisonous. The species is rare and has been legally protected at the European and national levels. In addition, its low population density and disjunct character of distribution have reinforced the need for its protection as regeneration is mostly lacking. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterise the north-western Balkan yew populations. Phenotypic diversity was examined for seven populations, using morphometric analysis of nine phenotypic traits of needles. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the inter- and intrapopulation variability. In addition, to test correlations between geographic, climatic and phenotypic data, Mantel test was used. We identified a geographic structure across studied populations that exhibited high levels of variability on intra- and interpopulation levels. Two groups of populations have been defined and are consistent with previously described genetic divergent lineages from separate refugia. In addition, a significant correlation between phenotypic and geographic data were revealed, i.e., isolation by distance (IBD). However, the Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between morphometric and environmental data. In conclusion, our data reveal that the historical events and persistent IBD acted in combination to produce the morphological patterns observed in common yew populations in the north-western part of the Balkan Peninsula. Finally, we suggested conservation measures to be implemented on a stand level, with habitat preservation as the main goal. In addition, ex situ conservation should be considered, both in the form of collections and urban planting, as both provide additional gene pool reserves.
Šumske čistine (eng. forest clearings, forest gaps, canopy openings) čine regeneracijske oblike uravnoteženih i pretežito zrelih šumskih sastojina. Kao neizostavan dio dinamike razvoja strukturno ...stabilnih šumskih kompleksa te posljedica otvaranja sastojinskog sklopa, odlikuju se strukturnom i mikroklimatskom jedinstvenošću te konstantnom promijenjivošću (White i Pickett 1985, Runkle i Yetter 1987, Busing i White 1997, Schliemann i Bockheim 2011).
Unatoč brojnim istraživanjima šumskih čistina diljem svijeta, nedovoljno poznavanje ovakvih oblika staništa na našem području, uz varijabilnost sindinamičkih procesa u odnosu na klimu i zemljopisni položaj, najveći su uzroci problematike njihove kategorizacije. Dodatni izazov na području Hrvatske predstavlja i njihova uloga u gospodarenju šumama unutar Natura 2000 mreže (NN 7/2006), zbog čega široko shvaćeni pojam „šumske čistine“ u vegetacijskom smislu čini, ne samo izazov u gospodarenju šumama, nego potencijalno i praktični problem u obliku provođenja mjera zaštite. S ciljem približavanja postojeće problematike njihovog definiranja, ovim je radom, na temelju primjenjivih dosadašnjih istraživanja, uspostavljena strukturna kategorizacija šumskih čistina s obzirom na podrijetlo, tip (oblik), veličinu, prostorni smještaj i vegetacijsku pripadnost prema Nacionalnoj klasifikaciji staništa Republike Hrvatske, uz prijedlog održivih mjera zaštite. Predložena kategorizacija, vegetacijska pripadnost, jednako kao i mjere zaštite, podložne su naknadnim izmjenama i/ili dopunama te mogu poslužiti kao temeljno polazište budućih istraživanja ovakvih oblika staništa naših prostora.
Forest clearings, forest gaps and canopy openings are very important habitat elements of diverse, balanced and mostly mature forest stands. As an indispensable part of developing stable forest complexes, formed by localized stand openings, forest clearings are characterized by structural uniqueness and constant variability (White and Pickett 1985, Runkle and Yetter 1987, Busing and White 1997, Schliemann and Bockheim 2011).
Despite numerous studies of forest clearings in various types of forest ecosystems around the world, the insufficient knowledge of such habitat forms in our area, as well as the syndynamic variability related to climate and geographical position, represent the biggest source of their categorization difficulties. Additional challenge of forest clearings in Croatia is their role in forest management programme within the Natura 2000 preservation network (OG 7/06), where non-selective control measure prescription in practice can lead to undesirable consequences of other forest habitat types. For this reason, this widely understood vegetation term “forest clearing” represents, not just a challenge in forest management, but potentially practical problem of control measure implementation.
In order to clarify and approximate the existing terminology issues, this paper, based on applicable research, established structural categorization of forest clearings regarding their origin, type (shape), size, location and vegetation affiliation in accordance with the National Habitat Classification of the Republic of Croatia, as well as proposed types of sustainable control measures. The results are subjected to subsequent changes and/or additions and can be used as fundamental starting point for future research of forest clearings in our area.
The impact of various ecological factors, biogeographical position and both former and current anthropogenic activity in Plitvice Lakes National Park greatly influenced the development of different ...habitat types, including forest clearings. Due to the insufficient knowledge of this habitat type, based primarily on general descriptions within the National Habitat Classification of the Republic of Croatia (NN 27/2021, NN 101/2022), this paper deals with presenting their vegetational and structural characteristics in the national park area. The following taxonomic keys were used to determine plant species: Tutin et al. (1964-1980), Pignatti (1982), Javorka and Csapody (1991) and Martinčič et al. (1999). Furthermore, scientific nomenclature of plant species was conducted using Flora Croatica Database (Nikolić 2012), while threat status was aligned by the Red Book of Vascular Flora of Croatia (Nikolić and Topić 2005). Also, protection level was adjusted according to the Regulation on strictly protected species (NN 144/2013, NN 73/2016). Spectrum of life forms and chorological types were aligned according to Pignatti (2005). Vegetation was studied in accordance with the principles of the Braun-Blanquet approach (Braun-Blanquet 1964). Together with the basic parameters of the selected plots, the research also included the collection of structural parameters of forest clearings according to Medak et al. (2023). Based on conducted research, a total of 98 plots of forest clearing habitats were established with a total of five different forest clearing communities. The largest number of forest clearing communities belonged to Salicetum capreae, followed by Eupatorietum cannabini, Atropetum bella-donae, Telekium speciosae and Rubetum idaei. A total of 257 species of vascular plants were identified in the area and classified into 60 families. The most represented family was Asteraceae, while the highest relative representation of life-forms belonged to hemicryptophytes (H). Furthermore, the most represented chorologycal type in the area was Eurasian (20.6%). The habitat type contained a total of 11 strictly protected (SZ), 6 nearly threatened (NT), 3 vulnerable (VU), 2 data-deficient (DD) and 4 endemic species. In addition, the largest number of plots had an anthropogenic origin, irregular type (shape), occupied a small area (less than 1000 m2) and were located along the edges of both forests and forest roads. The results of this paper represent the first vegetational and structural data of forest clearings in the national park area which contribute to an expansion of our knowledge and understanding of this habitat type, and form a starting point for the necessary future research.
Pitomi kesten (Castanea sativa Mill.) je vrsta šumskog drveća koja u širem prostoru južne Europe, a tako i Hrvatske, ima izuzetnu gospodarsku, ali i ekološku vrijednost. Problematika sušenja kestena ...dovela je do zanemarivanja vrste i u gospodarskom i u istraživačkom smislu, no posebice fitocenološkom. Ovaj članak donosi rezultate višegodišnjih fitocenoloških istraživanja. Analizirani su originalni fitocenološki snimci sakupljeni s čitavog područja Hrvatske, s naglaskom na glavna područja rasprostiranja (Zrinska i Petrova gora, Medvednica).
Utvrđena je i opisana nova asocijacija mezofilnih kestenovih šuma (Aposeri foetidae-Castanetum sativaeass. nova) koja se od već do sada poznatih i opisanih kestenovih šuma, osim u flornom sastavu, razlikuje i po glavnim ekološkim čimbenicima (klima, tlo i geomorfologija). Raščlanjena je na dvije subasocijacije:typicumiligustretosum vulgare, a svrstana u svezu ilirsko-dinarskih bukovih šumaAremonio-Fagion, podsvezuEpimedio-Fagenion.
Gospodarenje je također odlučni čimbenik u formiranju kestenovih zajednica, njihovog opstanka i dugoročnog razvoja. Stoljetno obnavljanje kestenovih šuma čistim sječama rezultiralo je posebnom, široko rasprostranjenom i po flornom sastavu vrlo siromašnom varijantom Rubus hirtus, u okviru mezofilnih kestenovih šuma.
U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja dendroflore Gradskog parka na
području grada Bihaća, koji je smješten u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne i
Hercegovine, podno planina Plješevice i Grmeč te brda ...Debeljača. Kroz njega protječu rijeka Una te njeni pritoci Klokot i Privilica. Tijekom florističkog istraživanja koje je provedeno na obuhvatnom području Gradskog parka u Bihaću, tijekom 2016. godine, zabilježeno je 80 svojti iz 30 porodica, s ukupno 663 jedinke. U parku dominiraju kritosjemenjače
(66 svojti; 83 %), među kojima su dvosupnice (78; 97 %), u većoj mjeri zastupljenije nego jednosupnice (2; 3 %). Golosjemenjače su zastupljene s
14 svojti (17 %). S najvećim brojem vrsta ističe se porodica Rosaceae (10 svojti; 13 %) od ukupno 80 svojti. U pogledu habitusa (Erhardt et al., 2002.) dominiraju stabla (45 svojti; 56 %), potom slijede grmovi (32 svojte; 40 %), zatim penjačice (2 svojte; 3 %) i puzavice (1 svojta;
1 %). Listopadne svojte (60; 75 %) su zastupljenije od vazdazelenih (19; 24 %) i zimzelenih (1; 1 %). Najbrojnija svojta u parku je hibridna
platana (Platanus x hispanica Münch) sa 115 jedinki. Prema geografskom podrijetlu alohtone svojte (42; 52 %) su zastupljenije od autohtonih (35; 44 %) i hibrida (3; 4 %). Od 42 determinirane alohtone svojte u invazivne spadaju tri (7 %), dok u egzote spada 39 svojti (93 %). Od 80 zabilježenih svojti, u kultivare spada 15 svojti (19 %), a u hibride tri
svojte (4 %). U pogledu krajobraznih vrijednosti Gradski park u Bihaću,
koji je izgrađen 1888. godine, veoma je bogat dendrološkim svojtama. Neke od njih potječu iz vremena podizanja parka. Navedeni objekt se ubraja u ljepše bosansko-hercegovačke parkove. Međutim potrebna mu je dodatna revitalizacija. Drveće i grmlje uglavnom ima dobre funkcionalne,
estetske i oblikovne karakteristike. Parkovna infrastruktura je u vrlo dobrom stanju.
The paper presents the findings of a research on woody plants in the city park of the city of Bihać, located in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, under the mountains Plješevica and Grmeč, as well as under Debeljača hill. The Una River and its tributaries Klokot and Privilica flow through the city. Throughout the floristic research study conducted in the area covered by the city park in Bihać, in 2016, 80 plant species from 30 families were identified, comprising of a total
of 663 individual plants. Angiospermae (66 species; 83%) are the most dominant in the park, among which Dicotyledonae (78; 97%) were identified, which have a significantly greater share compared with Monocotyledonae (2; 3%). There are 14 species of Gymnospermae (17%). Rosaceae family stands out with the largest number of species (10 species; 13%) of a total 80 plant species. Concerning the growth form (according to Erhardt et al., 2002) trees are dominant (45 species; 56%), followed by shrubs (32 species; 40%), climbers (2 species; 3%) and
creepers (1 species; 1%). Deciduous species (60; 75%) have a higher share compared with evergreens (19; 24%) and conifers (1; 1%). The most widespread species in the park is a hybrid plane species (Platanus x hispanica Münch) with 115 trees. According to geographical origin, allochthonous species (42; 52%) are more widespread in relation to autochthonous species (35; 44%) and hybrids (3; 4%). Out of 42 identified allochthonous species, 3 are invasive species (7%), while there are 39 species (93%) of exotic plants. Out of 80 identified species, 15 species (19%) are cultivars, while 3 species (4%) are hybrids. Concerning the landscape value, the City Park in Bihać, established in 1888, abounds in woody species. Some of them trace their origins back to the time the park was being established. The Park facility in question is considered amongst the most beautiful parks in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nevertheless, further revitalisation is required. Trees and shrubs are in general provided with good functional,
aesthetic and design features. Park infrastructure is in very good condition.
U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja dendroflore Gradskog parka na području grada Bihaća, koji je smješten u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine, podno planina Plješevice i Grmeč te brda ...Debeljača. Kroz njega protječu rijeka Una te njeni pritoci Klokot i Privilica. Tijekom florističkog
istraživanja koje je provedeno na obuhvatnom području Gradskog parka u Bihaću, tijekom 2016. godine, zabilježeno je 80 svojti iz 30 porodica, s ukupno 663 jedinke. U parku dominiraju kritosjemenjače (66 svojti; 83 %), među kojima su dvosupnice (78; 97 %), u većoj mjeri zastupljenije nego jednosupnice (2; 3 %). Golosjemenjače su zastupljene s 14 svojti (17 %). S najvećim brojem vrsta ističe se porodica Rosaceae (10 svojti; 13 %) od ukupno 80 svojti. U pogledu habitusa (Erhardt et al., 2002.) dominiraju stabla (45 svojti; 56 %), potom slijede grmovi (32 svojte; 40 %), zatim penjačice (2 svojte; 3 %) i puzavice (1 svojta; 1 %). Listopadne svojte (60; 75 %) su zastupljenije od vazdazelenih (19; 24 %) i zimzelenih (1; 1 %). Najbrojnija svojta u parku je hibridna platana (Platanus x hispanica Münch) sa 115 jedinki. Prema geografskom podrijetlu alohtone svojte (42; 52 %) su zastupljenije od autohtonih (35; 44 %) i hibrida (3; 4 %). Od 42 determinirane alohtone svojte u invazivne spadaju tri (7 %), dok u egzote spada 39 svojti (93 %). Od 80 zabilježenih svojti, u kultivare spada 15 svojti (19 %), a u hibride tri svojte (4 %). U pogledu krajobraznih vrijednosti Gradski park u Bihaću, koji je izgrađen 1888. godine, veoma je bogat dendrološkim svojtama. Neke od njih potječu iz vremena podizanja parka. Navedeni objekt se ubraja u ljepše bosansko-hercegovačke parkove. Međutim potrebna mu je dodatna revitalizacija. Drveće i grmlje uglavnom ima dobre funkcionalne, estetske i oblikovne karakteristike. Parkovna infrastruktura je u vrlo dobrom stanju.
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