Ammonia for power Valera-Medina, A; Xiao, H; Owen-Jones, M ...
Progress in energy and combustion science,
11/2018, Letnik:
69
Journal Article
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A potential enabler of a low carbon economy is the energy vector hydrogen. However, issues associated with hydrogen storage and distribution are currently a barrier for its implementation. Hence, ...other indirect storage media such as ammonia and methanol are currently being considered. Of these, ammonia is a carbon free carrier which offers high energy density; higher than compressed air. Hence, it is proposed that ammonia, with its established transportation network and high flexibility, could provide a practical next generation system for energy transportation, storage and use for power generation. Therefore, this review highlights previous influential studies and ongoing research to use this chemical as a viable energy vector for power applications, emphasizing the challenges that each of the reviewed technologies faces before implementation and commercial deployment is achieved at a larger scale. The review covers technologies such as ammonia in cycles either for power or CO2 removal, fuel cells, reciprocating engines, gas turbines and propulsion technologies, with emphasis on the challenges of using the molecule and current understanding of the fundamental combustion patterns of ammonia blends.
Hydrogen has been considered one of the most promising materials for energy storage during the last decade with considerable research having been undertaken to demonstrate the use of the molecule in ...power production systems. However, hydrogen presents drawbacks in terms of global commercialisation and deployment since its distribution is only feasible with significant dedicated infrastructure investment including liquefaction or if it is combined with other gases such as methane. The latter will still produce carbon emissions, whilst the former is not economically viable with current technologies. Therefore, an alternative is to use ammonia as a hydrogen storage vector. Ammonia, a molecule that has been used for more than a century, is a well-known material distributed across the world. Moreover, its properties allow its liquefaction at a relatively low pressure under atmospheric temperature compared to hydrogen, serving as a compound that can be used from fertilising to industrial processes. For power generation, ammonia has demonstrated to have a very slow reaction hence flame speeds, thus one option is to dope the fuel with a more reactive molecule such as hydrogen, which conveniently can be obtained from cracking ammonia. Hence, this paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental campaign where a 50:50 (vol%) ammonia-hydrogen blend was used for lean premixed combustion in a generic swirl combustor used in gas turbine studies. The results show that whilst the mixture can produce a good flame velocity similar to methane with the mixture having near equivalent laminar flame speed characteristics, the high diffusivity of hydrogen under these conditions leads to a narrow operational envelope with the potential for boundary layer flashback. High NOx emissions are produced due to the excess production of OH and O radicals. Recommendations for further studies and future developments are also discussed.
•Ammonia can become a new energy vector for large scale power generation.•Ammonia fuelled gas turbines have been barely studied. Scarce literature exist.•Current research provides findings that show NH3 potential as gas turbines fuel.•Unfortunately, weak flame stability and high emissions are still restrictive.•50:50 NH3/H2 blends are unstable, with high NOx, thus requiring improvement.
Maintaining proper mRNA levels is a key aspect in the regulation of gene expression. The balance between mRNA synthesis and decay determines these levels. We demonstrate that most yeast mRNAs are ...degraded by the cytoplasmic 5′-to-3′ pathway (the “decaysome”), as proposed previously. Unexpectedly, the level of these mRNAs is highly robust to perturbations in this major pathway because defects in various decaysome components lead to transcription downregulation. Moreover, these components shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, in a manner dependent on proper mRNA degradation. In the nucleus, they associate with chromatin—preferentially ∼30 bp upstream of transcription start-sites—and directly stimulate transcription initiation and elongation. The nuclear role of the decaysome in transcription is linked to its cytoplasmic role in mRNA decay; linkage, in turn, seems to depend on proper shuttling of its components. The gene expression process is therefore circular, whereby the hitherto first and last stages are interconnected.
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•Cytoplasmic mRNA decay factors are required for efficient transcription•Decay factors shuttle between the nuclear chromatin and the cytoplasm•These factors associate with promoters 30 bp upstream of transcription start sites•Transcription and mRNA decay are linked processes
Cytoplasmic mRNA decay factors move into the nucleus where they interact directly with gene promoters to stimulate transcriptional output, providing a mechanism to modulate mRNAs levels and gene expression.
In the present review, we will discuss the recent advances in the understanding of the role of histamine and histamine receptors in cancer biology. The controversial role of the histaminergic system ...in different neoplasias including gastric, colorectal, oesophageal, oral, pancreatic, liver, lung, skin, blood and breast cancers will be reviewed. The expression of histamine receptor subtypes, with special emphasis on the histamine H4 receptor, in different cell lines and human tumours, the signal transduction pathways and the associated biological responses as well as the in vivo treatment of experimental tumours with pharmacological ligands will be described. The presented evidence demonstrates that histamine regulates cancer‐associated biological processes during cancer development in multiple cell types, including neoplastic cells and cells in the tumour micro‐environment. The outcome will depend on tumour cell type, the level of expression of histamine receptors, signal transduction associated with these receptors, tumour micro‐environment and histamine metabolism, reinforcing the complexity of cancer disease. Findings show the pivotal role of H4 receptors in the development and progression of many types of cancers, and considering its immunomodulatory properties, the H4 receptor appears to be the most promising molecular therapeutic target for cancer treatment within the histamine receptor family. Furthermore, the H4 receptor is differentially expressed in tumours compared with normal tissues, and in most cancer types in which data are available, H4 receptor expression is associated with clinicopathological characteristics, suggesting that H4 receptors might represent a novel cancer biomarker.
Linked Articles
This article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc
Summary
This study uses instrumented buildings and models of code‐based designed buildings to validate the results of previous studies that highlighted the need to revise the ASCE 7 Fp equation for ...designing nonstructural components (NSCs) through utilizing oversimplified linear and nonlinear models. The evaluation of floor response spectra of a large number of instrumented buildings illustrates that, unlike the ASCE 7 approach, the in‐structure and the component amplification factors are a function of the ratio of NSC period to the supporting building modal periods, the ground motion intensity, and the NSC location. It is also shown that the recorded ground motions at the base of instrumented buildings in most cases are significantly lower than design earthquake (DE) ground motions. Because ASCE 7 is meant to provide demands at a DE level, for a more reliable evaluation of the Fp equation, 2 representative archetype buildings are designed based on the ASCE 7‐16 seismic provisions and exposed to various ground motion intensity levels (including those consistent with the ones experienced by instrumented buildings and the DE). Simulation results of the archetype buildings, consistent with previous numerical studies, illustrate the tendency of the ASCE 7 in‐structure amplification factor, 1 + 2(z/h), to significantly overestimate demands at all floor levels and the ASCE 7 limit of
ap=212 to in many cases underestimate the calculated NSC amplification factors. Furthermore, the product of these 2 amplification factors (that represents the normalized peak NSC acceleration) in some cases exceeds the ASCE 7 equation by a factor up to 1.50.
Ammonia, a molecule that is gaining more interest as a fueling vector, has been considered as a candidate to power transport, produce energy, and support heating applications for decades. However, ...the particular characteristics of the molecule always made it a chemical with low, if any, benefit once compared to conventional fossil fuels. Still, the current need to decarbonize our economy makes the search of new methods crucial to use chemicals, such as ammonia, that can be produced and employed without incurring in the emission of carbon oxides. Therefore, current efforts in this field are leading scientists, industries, and governments to seriously invest efforts in the development of holistic solutions capable of making ammonia a viable fuel for the transition toward a clean future. On that basis, this review has approached the subject gathering inputs from scientists actively working on the topic. The review starts from the importance of ammonia as an energy vector, moving through all of the steps in the production, distribution, utilization, safety, legal considerations, and economic aspects of the use of such a molecule to support the future energy mix. Fundamentals of combustion and practical cases for the recovery of energy of ammonia are also addressed, thus providing a complete view of what potentially could become a vector of crucial importance to the mitigation of carbon emissions. Different from other works, this review seeks to provide a holistic perspective of ammonia as a chemical that presents benefits and constraints for storing energy from sustainable sources. State-of-the-art knowledge provided by academics actively engaged with the topic at various fronts also enables a clear vision of the progress in each of the branches of ammonia as an energy carrier. Further, the fundamental boundaries of the use of the molecule are expanded to real technical issues for all potential technologies capable of using it for energy purposes, legal barriers that will be faced to achieve its deployment, safety and environmental considerations that impose a critical aspect for acceptance and wellbeing, and economic implications for the use of ammonia across all aspects approached for the production and implementation of this chemical as a fueling source. Herein, this work sets the principles, research, practicalities, and future views of a transition toward a future where ammonia will be a major energy player.
PurposeThe eyeball and, in particular, the cornea deform in vitro by the application of a distending force like other visco-elastic tissue. If the force is large enough, the cornea strains beyond the ...elastic range, and a permanent deformation occurs. Such permanent strain is referred to as 'plastic' strain. The phenomenon, however, has never been observed or produced on living tissue. This report seeks to demonstrate that the central radius of a patient's cornea can be altered in a controlled manner designed to correct refractive errors.MethodsTo plastically deform the living cornea, we applied a vacuum to the cornea of eight rabbits and five human eyes with a novel device. This device consists of a chamber of 11 mm in diameter. The chamber is radially divided into four interconnected sub-chambers.ResultsHere we show that a strain can be achieved in vivo with a force produced by the application of the specially designed chamber where air is evacuated. An anatomical modification of the cornea of humans and rabbits was achieved. The deformation of the cornea was plastic, and therefore permanent.ConclusionsThe method described here-Pneumatic Keratology- can be used to alter the cornea by non-invasive means. A vacuum chamber with radial openings alters the collagen fibers in the stroma and flattens the cornea. A flatter cornea corrects or reduces myopia.
This paper examines the available information on the potential for climate-change impacts on mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination of food crops pre- and postharvest. It considers the ...effect of changes in temperature/water availability on mycotoxin contamination, especially incidences where aflatoxin B₁ and ochratoxin A production has been influenced. The potential of using preharvest models to predict risk from deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, fumonisin B₁ in maize and aflatoxins in maize and peanuts in different continents are considered in the context of potential for adaptation to include climate-change scenarios. Available information suggests that slightly elevated CO₂ concentrations and interactions with temperature and water availability may stimulate growth of some mycotoxigenic species, especially under water stress. The accumulated knowledge on interacting conditions of water/temperature effects on optimum and boundary conditions for growth and mycotoxin production has been used to predict the effects that +3 and +5°C increases under water stress would have on growth/mycotoxin production by mycotoxigenic species. Various spatial scales, from toxin gene expression to regional approaches using geostatistics, are examined for their use in understanding the impact that climate change may have on food contamination in developing and developed countries. The potential for using an integrated systems approach to link gene expression data, phenotypic toxin production under different interacting abiotic conditions is discussed using Fusarium species and DON as examples. Such approaches may be beneficial for more accurate predictions of risk from mycotoxins on a regional basis and also the potential for new emerging toxin threats.
Energy storage is one of the highest priority challenges in transitioning to a low-carbon economy. Fluctuating, intermittent primary renewable sources such as wind and solar require low-carbon ...storage options to enable effective load matching, ensuring security of supply. Chemical storage is one such option, with low or zero carbon fuels such as hydrogen, alcohols and ammonia having been proposed. Ammonia provides zero-carbon hydrogen storage whilst offering liquefaction at relatively low pressures and atmospheric temperatures, enabling ease of transportation in a pre-existing infrastructure. Ammonia can also be used directly as a fuel in power plants such as gas turbines to avoid complete conversion back to hydrogen. It is a relatively unreactive fuel, and so it is of interest to explore the potential utilisation of ammonia/hydrogen mixtures. Hence, the goal of this paper is to provide a first assessment of the suitability of a chosen 70%NH330%H2 (%vol) blend for utilisation within a gas turbine environment, based on primary combustion diagnostics including combustion stability – via OH chemiluminescence - and emissions (NOx and NH3). An established optical generic swirl-burner enabled studies of the influence of equivalence ratio (φ > 1), ambient temperature (<484 ± 10 K) and bypass air, with a focus on NOx reduction, one of the main challenges for ammonia combustion. A numerical GT cycle model is developed alongside the experimental investigation. The results demonstrate that the blend has considerable potential as a fuel substitute with reasonable combustion stability and significant reduction of emissions for the cases without bypass air, due to increased chemical reactivity of unburned ammonia. However, emissions are still above those recommended for gas turbine cycles, with a theoretical cycle that still produces low efficiencies compared to DLN methane, highlighting the requirement for new injection techniques to reduce NOx/unburned NH3 in the flue gases whilst ensuring increased power outputs.
•Ammonia can become a new energy vector for large-scale power generation.•Ammonia/Hydrogen blends can be created by cracking small amounts of NH3.•Current research shows stable flames with 70:30 NH3/H2 blends.•High inlet air temperatures increase NOx and OH reactivity, reducing flame size.•Current gas turbines will be inefficient using solely these blends.
Summary
Among tropical forests, lianas are predicted to have a growth advantage over trees during seasonal drought, with substantial implications for tree and forest dynamics. We tested the ...hypotheses that lianas maintain higher water status than trees during seasonal drought and that lianas maximize leaf cover to match high, dry‐season light conditions, while trees are more limited by moisture availability during the dry season.
We monitored the seasonal dynamics of predawn and midday leaf water potentials and leaf phenology for branches of 16 liana and 16 tree species in the canopies of two lowland tropical forests with contrasting rainfall regimes in Panama.
In a wet, weakly seasonal forest, lianas maintained higher water balance than trees and maximized their leaf cover during dry‐season conditions, when light availability was high, while trees experienced drought stress. In a drier, strongly seasonal forest, lianas and trees displayed similar dry season reductions in leaf cover following strong decreases in soil water availability.
Greater soil moisture availability and a higher capacity to maintain water status allow lianas to maintain the turgor potentials that are critical for plant growth in a wet and weakly seasonal forest but not in a dry and strongly seasonal forest.
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