Integrating animals into a new group is a challenge for both free-ranging and captive adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and for females in groups receiving new males. To ensure the genetic ...viability of the population, however, male transfers must occur in both natural
and captive settings. To facilitate the introduction of groups of adult males to adult females, we designed a new enclosure that is attached to the outdoor compound where females are housed. Here we describe the construction of 3 introduction enclosures, their use during 4 introductions of
groups of adult males to adult females, a brief comparison of introduction success rates associated with the new introduction enclosures with those of our traditional male introduction method, and a critique by the various groups of staff members working with the new enclosures. Overall, the
introduction enclosures benefitted both the macaques and the facility personnel and appear to be a useful enhancement to our process of integrating breeding groups.
Some captive breeding colonies of rhesus macaques live in large outdoor multimale, multifemale social groups. These groups are composed of several matrilineal families, governed by a clear female ...dominance hierarchy. Aggression within the same or between different matrilineal families
due to social instability can result in trauma and mortality. Therefore, a primary management goal is to detect emerging social unrest before the onset of significant fighting and wounding. Accordingly, groups are monitored routinely for changes in dominance and alliance relations as well
as for increases in trauma frequency and severity. Decreased food intake is a normal physiologic response to acute stress; therefore, inappetence in key animals or groups of monkeys might be used as an indicator of increased social stress and emerging instability. An incident of intrafamily
aggression occurred recently in a breeding group at our facility and resulted in considerable fighting. Because this compound was equipped with an automated feeding system that tracks the caloric intake of individual animals, we retrospectively analyzed feeding data to determine whether significant
reduction in caloric consumption occurred prior to the onset of aggression, compared with baseline values. Neither the entire group nor individual families showed any significant differences in total caloric intake between baseline and previous 24 h values; however, the affected family exhibited
a 20% reduction in total caloric during the 24 h prior to the aggression. Most notably, the deposed subfamily showed a marked 58% reduction in caloric intake during the prior 24 h, whereas remaining subfamilies showed no significant changes in intake. High-ranking animals of the group, including
the α female, β female, and α male, similarly exhibited marked decreases in caloric intake during that period. These findings indicate that automated feeders can assist management staff with monitoring social stability in breeding colonies of rhesus macaque.
Mother-to-infant transmission (MTIT) of HIV is a serious global health concern, with over 300,000 children newly infected in 2011. SIV infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) results in similar rates of ...MTIT to that of HIV in humans. In contrast, SIV infection of sooty mangabeys (SMs) rarely results in MTIT. The mechanisms underlying protection from MTIT in SMs are unknown. In this study we tested the hypotheses that breast milk factors and/or target cell availability dictate the rate of MTIT in RMs (transmitters) and SMs (non-transmitters). We measured viral loads (cell-free and cell-associated), levels of immune mediators, and the ability to inhibit SIV infection in vitro in milk obtained from lactating RMs and SMs. In addition, we assessed the levels of target cells (CD4+CCR5+ T cells) in gastrointestinal and lymphoid tissues, including those relevant to breastfeeding transmission, as well as peripheral blood from uninfected RM and SM infants. We found that frequently-transmitting RMs did not have higher levels of cell-free or cell-associated viral loads in milk compared to rarely-transmitting SMs. Milk from both RMs and SMs moderately inhibited in vitro SIV infection, and presence of the examined immune mediators in these two species did not readily explain the differential rates of transmission. Importantly, we found that the percentage of CD4+CCR5+ T cells was significantly lower in all tissues in infant SMs as compared to infant RMs despite robust levels of CD4+ T cell proliferation in both species. The difference between the frequently-transmitting RMs and rarely-transmitting SMs was most pronounced in CD4+ memory T cells in the spleen, jejunum, and colon as well as in central and effector memory CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood. We propose that limited availability of SIV target cells in infant SMs represents a key evolutionary adaptation to reduce the risk of MTIT in SIV-infected SMs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Because tetanus can cause significant morbidity and mortality in NHP, colonywide vaccination with tetanus toxoid is recommended for outdoor breeding colonies of rhesus macaques, with primary ...immunizations commonly given to infants at 6 mo of age followed by booster vaccines every 10
y. Maternal antibodies are thought to offer protective immunity to infants younger than 6 mo. However, historical colony data from the Yerkes National Primate Research Center show a higher incidence of tetanus among infants (≤ 6 mo old) born to subordinate dams. Whether this higher incidence
of infantile tetanus is due to a higher incidence of trauma among subordinate animals or is a stress-induced impairment of maternal antibody protection is unknown. Studies in other NHP species suggest that chronic exposure to social stressors interferes with the receptor-mediated transplacental
transfer of IgG. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine whether chronic stress associated with social subordination impairs prenatal transfer of antitetanus immunity in breeding female rhesus macaques. Subjects included 26 high- and 26 low-ranking adult female rhesus macaques
that were nearly 5 or 10 y after their initial immunization and their nonimmunized infants. We hypothesized that infants born to subordinate dams that were nearly 10 y after immunization would have the lowest infant-to-dam antibody ratios and thus would be at greatest risk for infection. Results
revealed no significant intergroup differences in infant antitetanus IgG levels. However, infant-to-dam IgG ratios against tetanus were significantly lower among subordinate animals compared with dominant macaques, after accounting for the number of years since the dam's initial vaccination.
In addition, higher maternal hair cortisol levels predicted lower infantto-dam tetanus toxoid IgG ratios. Together, these findings suggest that chronic social stress in female rhesus macaques may hamper the prenatal transfer of antitetanus immunity to offspring.
Objectives: To compare the efficacy of a single 100 µg intramuscular (IM) carbetocin injection, a long-acting oxytocin agonist, to a 2-hour 10 IU oxytocin intravenous (IV) infusion, in reducing the ...incidence and severity of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in women at risk for this condition.
Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted at 2 hospital centres, including 160 women with at least I risk factor for PPH. Eighty-three women received 100 µg carbetocin IM and an IV placebo immediately after placental delivery, while 77 women received placebo IM and oxytocin IV infusion. Complete blood count was collected at entry and 24 hours postpartum. All outcome measures, including the need for additional uterotonic agents or uterine massage, blood loss, and drop in hemoglobin and hematocrit, were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher exact, and Student t tests.
Results: Population profile and risk factors for PPH were similar for each group. No significant difference was observed in the number of women requiring additional uterotonic medication (12 in each group). However, in the carbetocin group, 36 of the 83 women (43.4%) required at least I uterine massage compared to 48 of the 77 women (62.3%) in the oxytocin group (P < .02). Overall, uterotonic intervention was clinically indicated in 37 of the women (44.6%) receiving carbetocin compared to 49 of the women (63.6%) given an IV oxytocin infusion (P < .02). There were no differences in laboratory PPH indicators between the 2 groups.
Conclusions: Women receiving a single 100 µg IM carbetocin injection required significantly less uterotonic intervention compared to women receiving a continuous 2-hour IV oxytocin infusion. A single IM carbetocin injection is more likely to prevent PPH in women at risk when compared to a continuous oxytocin IV infusion.
Objectifs: Comparer l’efficacité d’une seule injection intramusculaire (IM) de 100 µg de carbétocine (un agoniste de l’oxytocine à action prolongée) à celle d’une perfusion intraveineuse (IV) de 10 Ul d’oxytocine pendant deux heures, en ce qui a trait à la réduction de l’incidence et de la gravité de l’hémorragie post-partum (HPP) chez les femmes courant le risque de présenter cette dernière.
Méthodes: Une étude comparative contre placebo, randomisée et à double insu, a été menée dans deux centres hospitaliers et comprenait 160 femmes présentant au moins un facteur de risque en matière d’HPP. Quatre-vingt-trois femmes ont reçu 100 µg de carbétocine IM et un placebo IV immédiatement à la suite de la délivrance du placenta, tandis que les 77 autres femmes ont reçu un placebo IM et une perfusion d’oxytocine IV. Une numération globulaire complète a été effectuée à l’admission et après 24 heures post-partum. Tous les critères d’évaluation (y compris la nécessité d’avoir recours à des agents utérotoniques supplémentaires ou à un massage utérin, la perte sanguine et la baisse de l’hématocrite et du taux d’hémoglobine) ont été analysés à l’aide des tests du chi carré et de Student, ainsi que de la méthode exacte de Fisher.
Résultats: Le profil démographique et les facteurs de risque d’HPP étaient semblables pour chacun des groupes. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée quant au nombre de femmes nécessitant des agents utérotoniques supplémentaires (12 femmes dans chacun des groupes). Toutefois, dans le groupe traité à la carbétocine, 36 des 83 femmes (43,4 %) ont nécessité au moins un massage utérin, par comparaison avec 48 des 77 femmes (62,3 %) du groupe traité à l’oxytocine (P < 0,02). En tout, des interventions utérotoniques se sont avérées indiquées sur le plan clinique chez 37 des femmes (44,6 %) ayant reçu de la carbétocine, par comparaison avec 49 des femmes (63,6 %) ayant reçu une perfusion IV d’oxytocine (P < 0,02). Aucune différence n’a été relevée entre les deux groupes en ce qui concerne les indicateurs de laboratoire d’HPP.
Conclusions: Les femmes ayant reçu une seule injection IM de 100 μg de carbétocine ont nécessité un nombre considérablement moindre d’interventions utérotoniques, par comparaison avec les femmes ayant reçu une perfusion IV continue d’oxy-tocine pendant deux heures. Une seule injection IM de 100 μg de carbétocine est plus susceptible de prévenir l’HPP, chez les femmes présentant des risques, que la perfusion IV continue d’oxytocine.
The 3-month injectable contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; Depo-Provera) is a synthetic progestin that protects against pregnancy by suppressing ovulation. Studies have focused on the ...resumption of ovulation after MPA-treatment cessation but neglected potential long-term effects of MPA exposure on future successful reproduction. MPA is frequently administered to adolescent girls; however, long-term fertility effects of adolescent MPA exposure have not been explored. We investigated fertility after extended MPA exposure in a species of old world primate, the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys). Female sooty mangabeys (n=31) received chronic MPA-treatment for 4-8 years. At MPA-treatment onset, subjects were either parous adults (n=14) or nulliparous adolescents (n=17), with adolescent-treated subjects being further divided into those who had reached first ovulation (n=10) and those who had not (n=7). After MPA-treatment cessation, adolescent-treated females had a significantly higher incidence of stillbirth than did age-matched and parity-matched controls, whereas adult-treated females did not differ from their matched controls. Females placed on MPA-treatment prior to first ovulation had a significantly higher incidence of stillbirth post-treatment than did females placed on MPA-treatment after first ovulation. Diabetic females had an increased incidence of stillbirth as compared to nondiabetic females; however, when controlling for diabetes, MPA exposure prior to first ovulation was still a significant positive predictor of stillbirth. These findings suggest that the post-treatment fertility effects of chronic MPA exposure vary with the developmental timing of treatment onset and raise concern about the use of MPA as a contraceptive for adolescent girls.
In captive populations of rhesus macaques, novel adult males are commonly introduced to female groups every few years to prevent inbreeding, which mimics male dispersal in wild macaque populations. ...However, introducing adult males is challenging because macaques are aggressive to newcomers, which can result in serious injuries. Efforts to reduce trauma risk during the introduction process and increase the probability of success are needed. Here we investigate the impact of multiple factors, including male attributes (e.g., age, weight, rank, and experience), introduction method (punctuated vs. continual exposure to females), and female behavior, on males' trauma risk and integration success. We studied eight introductions of multimale cohorts (3–7 males each; N = 36 total) into existing female groups of rhesus macaques at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. Four cohorts were introduced using the punctuated exposure method where adult males were moved each morning from run housing to the females' indoor enclosure and returned to run housing in the afternoon, and four cohorts were introduced using the continual exposure method where adult males were moved to an introduction enclosure attached to the females' outdoor compound, allowing males to live in protected contact next to the female group continuously. Generalized linear mixed models fitted to trauma risk (e.g., latency to first trauma; total trauma count) and success or failure to integrate (i.e., continual residence within the female group for greater than 53% of days within a 28‐day window after first overnight stay) showed that continual exposure to females in the introduction enclosure reduced male trauma risk and increased the likelihood of successful integration compared to punctuated exposure. Males received less trauma when they received a higher rate of grooming from females. Male attributes had no effect. These findings highlight the importance of introduction technique and female behavior in the process of males' social integration into female groups.
Hazard ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) show that risk of trauma is lower for males introduced using an introduction enclosure that allows continual exposure to females, compared to methods that provide punctuated exposure
Highlights
Introduction methods that allow continual exposure between males and females reduces trauma risk to males and increases overnight stays with females
Males receiving a higher rate of grooming from females have lower trauma risk during introduction
There are some predictable patterns of trauma in captive rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) social groups. Several factors have been documented to contribute to these patterns, including group formation ...of unrelated animals, and the establishment of dominance ranks. Here, we report on how socially induced trauma in groups of rhesus monkeys is influenced by the breeding season, numbers of matrilines per group and matriline size. We analyzed 3 years of data collected from veterinary admittance logs for four groups in our specific pathogen free (SPF) breeding colony. Since the groups differed in time from formation, both the numbers of matrilines and the composition of those matrilines were different. Across the four groups, trauma rates were significantly higher during the fall breeding season than the spring and summer months when births occur. The group that was formed most recently, comprised of the greatest number of matrilines but fewest related animals, showed significantly higher rates of trauma than the older social groups. Further, the middle and lowest ranking families received signifincantly higher rates of trauma than the highest ranking families, suggesting a rank–related phenomenon. Additionally, there was a significant negative correlation between numbers of adult females in a matriline and rates of trauma observed in each matriline, but the numbers of adult females are significantly higher in the top ranked families compared to all of the other matrilines. These findings suggest that trauma rates increase during the breeding season and may be exacerbated in recently formed breeding groups that have smaller matrilines and reduced opportunities for social support to mitigate rank‐related aggression. Management practices should be devised to ensure adequate matrilineal size to decrease rates of trauma in captive rhesus macaque groups.
Trauma rates in rhesus macaque breeding groups are influenced by season, with the highest rates occurring during breeding season. Group composition and matriline size influence trauma rates in rhesus macaque breeding groups.
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