Hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli can occur in painful pulpitis. To explore the neuro-anatomical basis of heat and mechanical sensitivity, we evaluated expression of TRPV1 (heat) and ...TRPV2 (heat/mechanical) channels in the cell bodies and terminal arborizations of neurons that innervate the dental pulp (DP) and periodontal tissues (PDL). We report that ~50% of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons retrogradely labeled from the DP express TRPV2, and this was significantly greater than the general expression of this channel in the TG (15%) and slightly more than what is expressed in the PDL by retrograde labeling (40%). The TRPV1 receptor, however, was less prevalent in neurons innervating the DP than their general expression in the TG (17% vs. 26%) and was more extensively expressed in neurons innervating the PDL (26%). Co-labeling studies showed that 70% of neurons that innervate the DP are myelinated. Approximately 1/3 of the retrogradely labeled neurons from the DP were calcitonin-gene-related-peptide-positive (peptide-expressing), but very few expressed the IB4 marker of non-peptidergic unmyelinated afferents. These findings suggest that the DP has a unique neurochemical innervation with regard to TRP receptor expression, which has significant implications for the mechanisms contributing to odontogenic pain and management strategies.
Pathogens such as the Frog Virus 3 (FV3) ranavirus are contributing to the worldwide amphibian declines. While amphibian macrophages (Mϕs) are central to the immune defenses against these viruses, ...the pathogen recognition capacities of disparate amphibian Mϕ subsets remain unexplored. In turn, Mϕ differentiation and functionality are interdependent on the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is ligated by colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and the unrelated interleukin-34 (IL-34) cytokines. Notably, the Xenopus laevis frog CSF-1- and IL-34-derived Mϕs are functionally distinct, and while the CSF-1-Mϕs are more susceptible to FV3, the IL-34-Mϕs are highly resistant to this pathogen. Here, we elucidate the pathogen recognition capacities of CSF-1- and IL-34-differentiated Mϕs by evaluating their baseline transcript levels of key pathogen pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Compared to the frog CSF-1-Mϕs, their IL-34-Mϕs exhibited greater expression of PRR genes associated with viral recognition as well as PRR genes known for recognizing bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). By contrast, the CSF-1-Mϕs displayed greater expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are absent in humans. Moreover, although the two Mϕ types possessed similar expression of most downstream PRR signaling components, they exhibited distinct outcomes upon stimulation with hallmark PAMPs, as measured by their tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-7 gene expression. Remarkably, stimulation with a TLR2/6 agonist conferred FV3 resistance to the otherwise susceptible CSF-1-Mϕs while treatment with a TLR9 agonist significantly ablated the IL-34-Mϕ resistance to FV3. These changes in Mϕ-FV3 susceptibility and resistance appeared to be linked to changes in their expression of key immune genes. Greater understanding of the amphibian macrophage pathogen-recognition capacities will lend to further insights into the pathogen-associated causes of the amphibian declines.
•Frog CSF-1-Mϕs are susceptible to FV3 and IL-34-Mϕs are resistant.•Frog IL-34-Mϕs display greater baseline gene expression of most PRRs.•CSF-1- and IL-34-Mϕs differ in their PAMP recognition and downstream responses.•The viral susceptibility of CSF-1- and IL-34-Mϕs is altered by PAMP stimulation.•Changes in Mϕ susceptibility to FV3 correlates with immune gene expression changes.
Using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) at ∼1.4 Mbp resolution, we screened post-mortem brain DNA from bipolar disorder cases, schizophrenia cases ...and control individuals (n=35 each) for DNA copy-number aberrations. DNA copy number is a largely unexplored source of human genetic variation that may contribute risk for complex disease. We report aberrations at four loci which were seen in affected but not control individuals, and which were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. These aberrant loci contained the genes encoding EFNA5, GLUR7, CACNG2 and AKAP5; all brain-expressed proteins with known or postulated roles in neuronal function, and three of which (GLUR7, CACNG2 and AKAP5) are involved in glutamate signaling. A second cohort of psychiatric samples was also tested by quantitative PCR using the primer/probe sets for EFNA5, GLUR7, CACNG2 and AKAP5, and samples with aberrant copy number were found at three of the four loci (GLUR7, CACNG2 and AKAP5). Further scrutiny of these regions may reveal insights into the etiology and genetic risk factors for these complex psychiatric disorders.
While amphibians around the globe are facing catastrophic declines, in part because of infections with pathogens such as the Frog Virus 3 (FV3) ranavirus; the mechanisms governing amphibian ...susceptibility and resistance to such pathogens remain poorly understood. The type I and type III interferon (IFN) cytokines represent a cornerstone of vertebrate antiviral immunity, while our recent work indicates that tadpoles and adult frogs of the amphibian
may differ in their IFN responses to FV3. In this respect, it is notable that anuran (frogs and toads) tadpoles are significantly more susceptible to FV3 than adult frogs, and thus, gaining greater insight into the differences in the tadpole and adult frog antiviral immunity would be invaluable. Accordingly, we examined the FV3-elicited expression of a panel of type I and type III IFN genes in the skin (site of FV3 infection) and kidney (principal FV3 target) tissues and isolated cells of
tadpoles and adult frogs. We also examined the consequence of tadpole and adult frog skin and kidney cell stimulation with hallmark pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the IFN responses of these cells. Together, our findings indicate that tadpoles and adult frogs mount drastically distinct IFN responses to FV3 as well as to viral and non-viral PAMPs, while these expression differences do not appear to be the result of a distinct pattern recognition receptor expression by tadpoles and adults.
Abstract
An important specific feature of risk insurance in the agricultural business is the possibility of systemic risks, which are characterized by large amounts of loss-making for agricultural ...enterprises. In this case, the amount of insurance premiums received by insurers may significantly exceed the amount of their insurance payments. In our opinion, the insurance products offered by Ukrainian insurers in the field of agricultural insurance do not fully meet the needs of consumers. The main problems of Ukrainian insurance organizations providing services in the field of agricultural insurance are the low level of solvency of agricultural enterprises, as well as inflationary processes that make long-term agricultural insurance contracts concluded in the national currency of little demand. The evolutionary development of the Ukrainian insurance market for agricultural risk insurance, in our opinion, should correlate with the development of reinsurance of these risks. This will make it possible to balance the insurance portfolios of insurance companies and provide insurers with additional opportunities for their investment activities. The creation of a specialized national reinsurance company for reinsurance of agricultural risks, in our opinion, will improve the insurance coverage of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises.
In this article, the main focus is on the disclosure of the main methods of researching hybrid conflicts, in particular on the example of bibliometric data of the Scopus system using the quantitative ...and qualitative method of research – content analysis. In modern scientific discourse, the term “hybrid conflict” is considered as contradictions between state and non-state, as well as terrorist groups, unfortunately, therefore, the challenges facing Ukraine have not received a thorough scientific study. To verify our statements, we used the method of bibliometric analysis using the Scopus system, indicating the insufficiency of in-depth research on the essence and features of hybrid conflicts in the scientific literature. The analysis shows a significant number of documents, which emphasizes the relevance of the topic. The paper analyzes the frequency of use of the term "hybrid conflicts" using content analysis and highlighting its features. The authors also point out the lack of a well-established definition and reflection of the term in international legal documents, which allows taking into account the aspects of modernization in understanding and researching this topic.
The article has studied the influence of the nature of background electrolyte on kinetics of removal of Mn(II) ions from model solutions in the course of electrodialysis desalination. The possibility ...of deep removal of manganese from different types of waters until MAC for drinking water (0.05 mg/dm
3
) at the initial concentration of manganese 3–5 mg/dm
3
has been shown. It has been proposed the use of additives of antiscalant ACUMER 2200 in chambers of concentration of electrodialysis unit for preventing deposition of barely soluble manganese compounds on the giving up surface of anon exchange membranes under conditions of strict concentration polarization.
The features of elasticized knitted fabric are: high extensibility, elasticity and adaptability to a body shape and a compression effect when it is used in the extended state. The elasticity of a ...knitted fabric is enhanced by the incorporation of elastane thread or core-spun yarn into the knitted structure as the weft yarn that is laid in the stretching direction. The quality of elasticized knitted fabrics is determined by the reliability of the how the elastomeric yarn is fixed within as the structure is deformed with an increase in the contact areas between the elastomeric and conventional yarns. The high fixing level can be achieved by the nature of loops formed from the elastomeric yarn. The simultaneous union of both conditions is possible with miss-knitting of elastomeric yarn through a certain number of needles. The main purpose of this study is to establish the influence of miss knit repeat of elastomeric yarn on the structural parameters and determine the stretch properties of the elasticized knitted fabric that formed by an alternation of two courses of 1x1 rib from cotton yarn and one course of miss knit (from 2 to 10 wales between the loops) from core-spun yarn with elastane core.
The purpose of the study is to design and develop an instrument for non-destructive measurement of basis weight of fabrics. Weight per square meter is a major product quality of textile materials but ...its control during production is still limited. The observed dependency of the amplitude pulsed ultrasonic signal transmitted through a textile material on its basis weight informed the recommendation of this method for determining the basis weight of fabrics. The ultrasonic method of non-destructive testing of basis weight of textile materials has been incorporated into the experimental system. We investigated the basis weight of woven fabrics using the proposed ultrasonic system and the standard method and the results show high correlation. It is concluded that the proposed ultrasonic method can be used for the continuous operational control of the basis weight of textile materials during production.
PDF
