•Studies are necessary to identify and quantify organic compounds through fluorescent techniques.•This is due the necessity of more effective and less expensive methods.•Spectrofluorimetry may be ...considered suitable for studies of organic compounds, with less expense.
The eligible articles were obtained from databases such as ScienceDirect, SciELO, PubMed and Springer. The searches were performed using the terms “honey”, “vitamins”, “fluorescence” and their combinations. The titles and abstracts of the articles found were read and revised to verify their relevance to the review. From the selected titles, it was possible to elaborate the systematic review, based on scientific studies and sources considered faithful and true. The systematic review presented confirms the necessity for studies to identify compounds using fluorescence techniques, using cheaper and more accessible techniques. Few studies are covered in this theme, when treated about Apis mellifera honey, and it has been observed that in the last 12 years, the few researches have only tried to show the viability of using the technique without quantifying the present compounds, while others demonstrate the fluorescent aspects, but performing through techniques considered more expensive.
Pesticides are organic compounds widely used in modern agriculture, being relevant for helping plantations and increasing food production. The banana, a fruit with oriental origin, stands out for ...being widely produced in tropical and subtropical regions which, like other matrices, is susceptible to pest action. This review aims to evaluate the presence of pesticides in bananas according to Brazilian, European and Codex legislation.
Four databases, ScienceDirect, SciELO, PubMed and Springer, were used to find relevant articles in the literature addressing methods for the determination of pesticide residues in bananas using the terms “banana”, “chromatography”, “pesticides” and “determination”. The search stages included reading abstracts and titles, reading the full text, extracting data and analyzing data from eligible articles. The search was restricted to original research articles published in English from 2008 to 2018.
404 articles were found from the initial research, with only 15 studies being considered eligible for this review. Mass spectrometry is the most widely used detection technique. 5 articles were seen to use a multiresidue method to analyze only bananas (pulp), and from these, only 2 studies used methods to analyze the pulp and peel. The articles analyzed 172 samples, with 59.3% of these being conducted in Europe, 32.5% being conducted in Asia and only 8.1% in South America. A total of 79.1%, 32.4% and 42.6% of samples were unsatisfactory according to the Brazilian, European and Codex legislation, respectively, with these samples being contaminated with pesticide residues.
This review presents the scarcity of articles aimed at identifying pesticide residues in bananas and the urgency of checking the quality of the fruit that reaches the population. The MRLs allowed by different legislations have clear divergences that do not ensure the lowest concentration values that guarantee consumer safety.
•An integrative review on pesticide residues in bananas was performed.•The literature presents few articles addressing pesticide determination in bananas.•Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is the most commonly used technique.•The maximum residue limits do not assure consumer safety.
The biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P and water, the impacts of land use in the stocks and flows of these elements and how they can affect the structure and functioning of Caatinga were reviewed. ...About half of this biome is still covered by native secondary vegetation. Soils are deficient in nutrients, especially N and P. Average concentrations of total soil P and C in the top layer (0-20 cm) are 196 mg kg(-1) and 9.3 g kg(-1), corresponding to C stocks around 23 Mg ha(-1). Aboveground biomass of native vegetation varies from 30 to 50 Mg ha(-1), and average root biomass from 3 to 12 Mg ha(-1). Average annual productivities and biomass accumulation in different land use systems vary from 1 to 7 Mg ha(-1) year(-1). Biological atmospheric N2 fixation is estimated to vary from 3 to 11 kg N ha(-1) year-1 and 21 to 26 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) in mature and secondary Caatinga, respectively. The main processes responsible for nutrient and water losses are fire, soil erosion, runoff and harvest of crops and animal products. Projected climate changes in the future point to higher temperatures and rainfall decreases. In face of the high intrinsic variability, actions to increase sustainability should improve resilience and stability of the ecosystems. Land use systems based on perennial species, as opposed to annual species, may be more stable and resilient, thus more adequate to face future potential increases in climate variability. Long-term studies to investigate the potential of the native biodiversity or adapted exotic species to design sustainable land use systems should be encouraged.
Available phosphorus (AP) requirement for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) was evaluated using different response parameters, and CT scanning was used to determine the adequacy of dietary P along with ...bone mineralization data. A total of 192 tambaqui juveniles (17 ± 0.85 g) were stocked into 24 70 L‐tanks using randomized block design (different floors) with six treatments (1.3, 2.4, 4.8, 6.3, 7.8 and 8.8 g kg−1 AP) and four replicates. Fish were fed ad libitum with six semi‐purified diets containing graded levels of AP for 90 days. The dietary AP requirement was estimated using non‐linear regression models. No mortality or apparent signs of P deficiency were observed. Increasing dietary AP levels improved all performance variables. Dietary P levels significantly affected bone density. The estimated P requirement for tambaqui was 6.3, 3.68, 5.0 and 6.91 g kg−1 diet for improved weight gain, bone density, vertebrae mineralization and carcass mineral deposition, respectively. CT scanning allowed the visualization of bone structures affected by P deficiency and could predict the P requirement based on vertebrae mineralization. Additionally, blood chemistry parameters were significantly affected by the dietary P level, except for serum calcium. Thus, the use of 6.3 g kg−1 AP in tambaqui diets can maintain normal growth and bone mineralization of juveniles from 17–150 g.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
There is little information regarding the nutritional requirements for dairy heifers, leading the majority of nutrient requirement systems to consider dairy heifers to be similar to beef ...heifers. Therefore, we evaluated the muscle protein metabolism and physical and chemical body composition of growing Holstein × Gyr heifers and estimated the energy and protein requirements. We performed a comparative slaughter experiment with 20 Holstein × Gyr heifers at an initial body weight of 218 ± 36.5 kg and an average age of 12 ± 1.0 months. Four heifers were designated as the reference group, and the 16 remaining heifers were fed ad libitum. The 16 heifers were distributed using a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two roughages (corn silage or sugarcane) and two concentrate levels (30 or 50%) for 112 days. Greater (p < 0.05) values for fractional rates of muscle protein synthesis, degradation and accretion were observed for heifers that were fed 50% concentrate. The following equations were obtained to estimate the net energy for gain (NEg) and net protein for gain (NPg): NEg (Mcal/day) = 0.0685 × EBW0.75 × EBWG1.095 and NPg (g/day) = 203.8 × EBWG − 14.80 × RE, respectively, in which EBW is the empty body weight, EBWG is the empty body weight gain and RE is the retained energy. We concluded that increased rates of protein turnover are achieved when a greater quality diet is provided. In the future, these results can be used to calculate the nutritional requirements for growth of Holstein × Gyr heifers after equation validation rather than using the recommendations provided by other systems, which use values developed from beef heifers, to determine the nutritional requirements of dairy cattle.
Increasing outer risk Menezes, Carmen F.; Wang, X.Henry
Journal of mathematical economics,
11/2005, Letnik:
41, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Recent empirical research has established that the distributions of a wide range of economic variables are kurtotic in that they have higher peak(s) in the neighborhood of the mean and greater ...elongation in the tails than the normal distribution. This paper provides a formal characterization of the empirically significant notions of kurtotic distributions by formulating the concept of outer risk. An increase in outer risk corresponds to a dispersion transfer from the center of a distribution to its tails. In terms of the relocation of probability mass, such a dispersion transfer accentuates the peak(s) of the distribution and elongates its tails. It is shown that ordering distributions by outer risk is equivalent to the ordering of distributions resulting from unanimous choice by all individuals whose utility function has a negative fourth derivative.
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the facial profile resulting from the use of a twin block (TB) functional appliance. The sample comprised 38 patients (24 males and 14 females) with a ...Class II division 1 malocclusion. Nineteen subjects were treated with a functional appliance while the remaining 19, who did not undergo any intervention, served as the control. The mean age of the treated group was 9.5 years (SD 10 months) and of the control group 9.9 years (SD 13 months). Lateral cephalograms were obtained for all subjects at the initial consultation and again after one year. The changes in facial profile, resulting from treatment with the TB, were analysed after the influence of growth had been taken into account. The results showed a significant improvement in the facial profile, which closely followed the underlying dentoskeletal changes. Thus, the most significant effects were a total facial profile improvement, retraction of the upper lip and anterior movement of soft tissue pogonion (P < 0.05). Subjects treated with a TB appliance achieved improved facial harmony, but such changes were not observed in the control group.
(1) Background: People with ASD commonly present difficulty performing motor skills and a decline in physical activity (PA) level and low enjoyment of PA. We aimed to evaluate whether longitudinal ...practice of an activity in virtual and real environments improves motor performance and whether this improvement is transferred to a subsequent practice when changing the environment, promoting PA and providing enjoyment; (2) Methods: People with ASD, aged between 10 and 16 years, were included and distributed randomly into two opposite sequences. The participants performed a 10 session protocol, with five sessions practicing in each environment (virtual or real). Heart rate measurement was carried out and an enjoyment scale was applied; (3) Results: 22 participants concluded the protocol. Sequence A (virtual first) presented an improvement in accuracy and precision and transferred this when changing environment; they also had a greater change in heart rate reserve. The majority of participants reported "fun" and "great fun" levels for enjoyment; (4) Conclusions: The virtual reality activity presented a higher level of difficulty, with greater gains in terms of transference to the real environment. Considering PA, our task provided very light to light activity and the majority of participants enjoyed the task.
•Detection/quantification of vitamin B1 by spectrofluorimetric method was positive.•Detection/quantification of vitamin B2 by spectrofluorimetric method was positive.•This methodology is a very ...viable alternative in determining the B complex.
This research aimed to study the validation of a viable and low-cost spectrofluorimetric method, capable of detecting and quantifying B vitamins in floral varieties of bee honey. The analyzes were performed using chemical and operational methods of pre-defined solutions and standards, performed in triplicate and the results expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The data were recorded in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet (version 2013) and studied using the statistical program Bioestatic version 3.0. The calibration curves of the vitamins showed the linearity and precision of the method. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, being considered normal in the Lilliefors normality tests. Finally, the data were subjected to Pearson’s correlation test, showing positive and strong correlations, with r (Pearson) ranging from 0.7619 to 1. Honey had positive results regarding the detection and quantification of vitamins B1 and B2 through the spectrofluorimetric method.
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