The parametric CFAR detectors maintain a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) with an assumption of a known clutter distribution form. The representative ones of them are the cell-averaging (CA) CFAR, ...the greatest-of (GO) CFAR, and the ordered statistic (OS) CFAR, etc. In this work, we consider the rank sum (RS) nonparametric CFAR, which has an advantage that it can maintain CFAR even the distribution form of clutter becomes a different one. A closed form of the false alarm rate for the RS detector at clutter edges is derived, and a comparison of the performance of the RS detector in multiple targets situation and at clutter edges to that of the CA-CFAR, the GO-CFAR, and the OS-CFAR with noncoherent integration is made.
The classical rank sum (RS) nonparametric constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector plays an important role in the theoretical study and practical application of radar target detection. In order to ...improve the ability of the classical RS nonparametric detector to control the false alarm rate at clutter edges, a modified rank sum (MRS) nonparametric CFAR based on the mean ratio of the samples in the leading and lagging windows is proposed. The analytical expressions of the detection probability and false alarm rate of the MRS nonparametric CFAR in homogeneous background and at clutter edges are derived, and a comparison to the performance of the classical RS nonparametric detector along with some conventional parametric CFAR schemes in homogeneous background, multiple targets situation and clutter edges is made. The numerical results show that the detection performance of the MRS nonparametric CFAR in homogeneous background and in a moderate number of interfering targets situation is close to that of the classical RS nonparametric detector, and its ability to control the rise of the false alarm rate at clutter edges is evidently improved.
Background The change of immune cell infiltration essentially influences the process of colorectal cancer development. The infiltration of immune cells can be regulated by a variety of genes. Thus, ...modeling the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer by analyzing the genes involved can be more conducive to the in-depth understanding of carcinogenesis and the progression thereof. Methods In this study, the number of stromal and immune cells in malignant tumor tissues were first estimated by using expression data (ESTIMATE) and cell-type identification with relative subsets of known RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT) to calculate the proportion of infiltrating immune cell and stromal components of colon cancer samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Then the relationship between the TMN Classification and prognosis of malignant tumors was evaluated. Results By investigating differentially expressed genes using COX regression and protein-protein interaction network (PPI), the candidate hub gene serine protease inhibitor family E member 1 (SERPINE1) was found to be associated with immune cell infiltration. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) further projected the potential pathways with elevated SERPINE1 expression to carcinogenesis and immunity. CIBERSORT was subsequently utilized to investigate the relationship between the expression differences of SERPINE1 and immune cell infiltration and to identify eight immune cells associated with SERPINE1 expression. Conclusion We found that SERPINE1 plays a role in the remodeling of the colon cancer microenvironment and the infiltration of immune cells. Keywords: Colon cancer, SERPINE1, Tumor microenvironment, Tumor-infiltrating immune cells
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To examine the effects of different PM
concentration ranges on daily all-cause mortality, 8768 all-cause deaths were recorded in the database of the Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to ...Shandong First Medical University. Data of air pollutants (PM
and O
) concentration were provided by the Jinan Environment Monitoring Center. The relative risk of all-cause mortality was assessed using a quasi-Poisson regression model after adjusting for confounding factors. The concentrations of PM2.5 were divided into four ranges 0-35 μg/m
; 35-75 μg/m
; 75-115 μg/m
; 115-150 μg/m
. There was no significant relationship between PM2.5 exposure and all-cause deaths in individuals aged < 60 years. However, for individuals aged ≥ 60 years, there was a significant positive association between exposure concentrations and all-cause deaths within the ranges 0-35 μg/m
, 35-75 μg/m
, and 115-150 μg/m
with a mortality increase of 1.07 (1.01, 1.13), 1.03 (1.00, 1.05), and 1.05 (1.01, 1.08), respectively. When the population aged ≥ 60 years was stratified into gender groups, exposure to PM2.5 in the range 0-35 μg/m
increased the mortality risk in men but not women. All-cause mortality in women, but not men, increased significantly with exposure to PM2.5 in the ranges of 35-75, 75-115, and 115-150 μg/m
.
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•Photoperiod effect on pollutant removal in CWs was studies.•15-hour photoperiod showed highest COD, TN, and NO3–-N removal efficiency.•15-hour photoperiod promoted microbial ...nitrification and denitrification in rhizosphere.•15-hour photoperiod resulted in more stable microbial network with Phaselicystis as key connector.•Plant-microbe interactions were of importance for pollutants removal and design considerations.
Rhizosphere is a crucial area in comprehending the interaction between plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands (CWs). However, influence of photoperiod, a key factor that regulates photosynthesis and rhizosphere microbial activity, remains largely unknown. This study investigated the effect of photoperiod (9, 12, 15 h/day) on pollutant removal and underlying mechanisms. Results showed that 15-hour photoperiod treatment exhibited the highest removal efficiencies for COD (87.26%), TN (63.32%), and NO3–-N (97.79%). This treatment enhanced photosynthetic pigmentation and root activity, which increased transport of oxygen and soluble organic carbon to rhizosphere, thus promoting microbial nitrification and denitrification. Microbial community analysis revealed a more stable co-occurrence network due to increased complexity and aggregation in the 15-hour photoperiod treatment. Phaselicystis was identified as a key connector, which was responsible for transferring necessary carbon sources, ATP, and electron donors that supported and optimized nitrogen metabolism in the CWs. Structural equation model analysis emphasized the importance of plant–microbe interactions in pollutant removal through increased substance, information, and energy exchange. These findings offer valuable insights for CWs design and operation in various latitudes and rural areas for small-scale decentralized systems.
The poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (THCA) subtype is associated with an aggressive disease course, a less favorable overall prognosis, and an increased risk of distant organ metastasis. In ...this study, our objective was to explore the potential utility of the Sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 3 (SPRED3) as a biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis in THCA patients. The differentially expressed prognostic-related genes associated with THCA were identified by querying The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The difference in the expression of the SPRED3 gene between thyroid carcinoma (THCA) tissues and normal tissues was analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and further validated through immunohistochemistry. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used, along with clinical information from THCA patients, to analyze the prognostic value of the SPRED3 gene in THCA patients. Functional enrichment analysis was subsequently performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory effects of the SPRED3 gene on thyroid carcinoma. Additionally, we calculated the percentage of infiltrating immune cells in THCA patients and evaluated their correlation with SPRED3 gene expression. Compared with those in noncancerous thyroid tissue, the gene and protein expression levels of SPRED3 were found to be elevated in thyroid carcinoma tissues. Furthermore, the expression of SPRED3 in thyroid carcinoma exhibited significant correlations with tumor location, histological grade, pathological stage, and tumor node metastasis classification (TNM) stage. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards (Cox) regression analyses demonstrated that SPRED3 could serve as an independent prognostic factor for predicting the overall survival of THCA patients. The results of functional enrichment analysis suggested the potential involvement of SPRED3 in the regulation of extracellular matrix organization, epidermal development, signaling receptor activator activity, skin development, receptor ligand activity, glycosaminoglycan binding, neuroactive ligand‒receptor interaction, the IL-17 signaling pathway, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Additionally, there were significant correlations between the expression level of the SPRED3 gene and the infiltration of various immune cells (eosinophils, central memory T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells) within the thyroid tumor microenvironment. SPRED3 can be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with THCA could potentially be therapeutic target for THCA.
Identifying the parameters of multispan rigid frames is challenging because of their complex structures and large computational workloads. This paper presents a stiffness separation method for the ...static response parameter identification of multispan rigid frames. The stiffness separation method segments the global stiffness matrix of the overall structure into the stiffness matrices of its substructures, which are to be computed, thereby reducing the computational workload and improving the efficiency of parameter identification. Loads can be applied individually to each separate substructure, thereby guaranteeing obvious local static responses. The veracity and efficacy of the proposed methodology are substantiated by applying it to three- and eight-span continuous rigid frame structures. The findings indicate that the proposed approach significantly enhances the efficiency of parameter identification for multispan rigid frames.
Risk assessment of soil erosion addresses the likelihood of the occurrence of erosion as well as its consequences. This in turn can provide precautionary and relevant suggestions to assist with ...disaster reduction. In light of the great threat of soil erosion to global soil resources, it is necessary to implement this type of risk assessment. This study aims to appraise the risk of soil erosion caused by water along the Bohai Sea region during the rainy season. A new method, namely the RUSLE–IDM coupled model, which embeds the IDM (Information Diffusion Model) into the RUSLE(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation)model, is applied to reveal soil erosion risk in different scenarios, with rainfall exceeding the probability of 0.1 and 0.02 respectively. From this case study, three conclusions can be drawn as follows: (i) This coupled method can effectively examine soil erosion risk and show comparable results of different scenarios, which cannot only calculate the erosion amount, but also identify the likelihood; (ii) Soil erosion caused by water is serious from July to September, but comparatively speaking, the greatest amount of attention should be paid to the prevention of soil erosion in July, as the erosion amount at this time is times larger than during September; (iii) Vegetation coverage and soil erosion control practices are controllable and important factors for the future soil conservation in this area.
► We assess soil erosion risk using a newly coupled method, namely RUSLE–IDM. ► We examine differences of soil erosion risk among July, August and September at two rainfall scenarios respectively. ► The RUSLE–IDM method is effective, facilitating rainfall uncertainty in soil erosion risk. ► The greatest amount of attention should be paid to the prevention of soil erosion in July.
This paper presents a one-step method to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces with extremely controllable adhesion based on PDMS microwell arrays. The microwell array structures are rapidly produced ...on PDMS films by a point-by-point femtosecond laser scanning process. The as-prepared superhydrophobic surfaces show water controllable adhesion that ranges from ultrahigh to ultralow by adjusting the extent of overlap of the adjacent microwells, on which the sliding angle can be controlled from 180° (a water droplet can not slide down even when the as-prepared surface is turned upside down) to 3°. A “micro-airbag effect” is introduced to explain the adhesion transition phenomenon of the microwell array structures. This work provides a facile and promising strategy to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces with controllable adhesion.
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•Unique bandgap alignment enhances charge transfer at the hetero-interface.•Non-wettability surface promotes the crystallization of the perovskite films.•PSCs achieve a Voc of 1.16 V ...and the PCE of 20.98%.•The stability of the PSCs based on m-TiO2/a-WOx ETL has been improved.
Recently, the rapid improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with surprising and efficient PSCs is considered to be the most promising alternative to the next generation photovoltaic. In PSCs, the interfacial charge transfers between perovskite and electron transporting layers (ETLs) play an important role in enhancing the PCE, hysteresis, and stability. Here, an amorphous WOx (a-WOx) interlayer is interposed between the perovskite layer and mesoporous TiO2 (m-TiO2) layer to boost the hetero-interface charge transport. The room-temperature processed a-WOx has a wide bandgap and high electron mobility, which is capable of efficiently transporting photo-generated electrons, thereby reducing interfacial charge accumulation in the PSCs. Besides, we first found that the m-TiO2/a-WOx hybrid ETLs have better non-wettability, which subsequently improves the crystallization of the perovskite films by promoting the grain boundary mobility. Consequently, under optimized MAPbI3 solar cells having m-TiO2/a-WOx hybrid ETLs exhibits the highest Voc of 1.16 V and the PCE of 20.98%. Stability tests indicate that the PCE value based on the m-TiO2/a-WOx device remains more than 91% after exposure to 45% humidity for 30 days in the dark at room temperature, much higher than the m-TiO2 based cell, which retains about 70% of the initial PCE value.
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