•Recent development in deep learning for monocular depth estimation is reviewed.•Depth estimation is classified into supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised methods.•In terms of tasks, depth ...estimation is summarized as single-task and multi-task methods.
Depth estimation is a classic task in computer vision, which is of great significance for many applications such as augmented reality, target tracking and autonomous driving. Traditional monocular depth estimation methods are based on depth cues for depth prediction with strict requirements, e.g. shape-from-focus/ defocus methods require low depth of field on the scenes and images. Recently, a large body of deep learning methods have been proposed and has shown great promise in handling the traditional ill-posed problem. This paper aims to review the state-of-the-art development in deep learning-based monocular depth estimation. We give an overview of published papers between 2014 and 2020 in terms of training manners and task types. We firstly summarize the deep learning models for monocular depth estimation. Secondly, we categorize various deep learning-based methods in monocular depth estimation. Thirdly, we introduce the publicly available dataset and the evaluation metrics. And we also analysis the properties of these methods and compare their performance. Finally, we highlight the challenges in order to inform the future research directions.
Abstract
The Rio Blanco deposit, which is one of the largest porphyry Cu–Mo deposits in northern Peru, formed coevally with the subduction of the Inca Oceanic Plateau at 12–10 Ma. However, the ...genetic relationship between the subduction of oceanic plateaus and the porphyry deposit formation remains unclear. Igneous rocks emplaced at 23–12 Ma in northern Peru, including the Portachuela batholith (which hosts the Rio Blanco porphyry complex), are normal calc-alkaline to weakly adakitic. In comparison, the 12–8 Ma igneous rocks, including the ore-related Rio Blanco porphyry complex, have typical adakitic signatures, such as high Sr/Y ratios (up to 180) and LaN/YbN ratios (up to 32). The Rio Blanco igneous rocks (Portachuela batholith and Rio Blanco porphyry complex) have uniform zircon εHf(t) values (+0.3 ± 1.2) and δ18O values (6.5 ± 0.14‰). These geochemical characteristics indicate that the Rio Blanco igneous rocks evolved from mantle-derived parental melts in a long-lived, stable, homogeneous isotopic reservoir at the crust–mantle boundary. However, whereas both the Portachuela batholith and the Rio Blanco porphyry complex formed from hydrous parental magmas (>5 wt %; based on plagioclase hygrometry), the ones of the Rio Blanco porphyry complex seem to be more oxidized, hydrous, and sulfur-rich compared with the older batholitic rocks. Reverse zoning in plagioclase phenocrysts, with a systematic core–mantle–rim variation in An (anorthite) and Fe (total iron) contents, are common in the intermineralization rocks. The An content of the mantles of the plagioclase phenocrysts correlates positively with the Fe content, but in the rims, the An contents significantly decrease while Fe remains constant. The apatite inclusions in the mantles are richer in S (0.24 ± 0.06 wt %) and Cl (1.42 ± 0.32 wt %) than those in the phenocryst cores (S: 0.09 ± 0.07 wt %; Cl: 1.03 ± 0.56 wt %) and rims (S: 0.14 ± 0.09 wt %; Cl: 0.83 ± 0. 35 wt %). These systemic geochemical variations in the plagioclase phenocrysts suggest recharge by S- and Cl-rich melts followed by fluid exsolution. This magma recharge and subsequent fluid exsolution may have triggered porphyry Cu mineralization at Rio Blanco. The coincidence of timing between the geochemical transition and collision (initial subduction) of the Inca Oceanic Plateau with the South American plate may indicate a change in the tectonic regime to a compressional state of stress and a thickening of the crust during the collision. The tectonic transition would have facilitated the fractionation of mantle-derived magma in a deep crustal hot zone, resulting in oxidized, volatile-rich residual melts. Replenishment of the upper-crustal magma chamber by such volatile-rich magmas and the subsequent discharge of fluids are interpreted to be fundamental for porphyry Cu mineralization at Rio Blanco and plausibly for the formation of Late Miocene porphyry ore deposits in northern Peru in general.
Most known porphyry Cu deposits formed in the Phanerozoic and are exclusively associated with moderately oxidized, sulfur-rich, hydrous arc-related magmas derived from partial melting of the ...asthenospheric mantle metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. Yet, whether similar metallogenic processes also operated in the Precambrian remains obscure. Here we address the issue by investigating the origin, fO
, and S contents of calc-alkaline plutonic rocks associated with the Haib porphyry Cu deposit in the Paleoproterozoic Richtersveld Magmatic Arc (southern Namibia), an interpreted mature island-arc setting. We show that the ca. 1886-1881 Ma ore-forming magmas, originated from a mantle-dominated source with minor crustal contributions, were relatively oxidized (1‒2 log units above the fayalite-magnetite-quartz redox buffer) and sulfur-rich. These results indicate that moderately oxidized, sulfur-rich arc magma associated with porphyry Cu mineralization already existed in the late Paleoproterozoic, probably as a result of recycling of sulfate-rich seawater or sediments from the subducted oceanic lithosphere at that time.
Abstract
Background
The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, which is a reliable surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR), has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, evidence of the ...impact of the TyG index on the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is limited. This study investigated the relationship between the TyG index and CAD severity of individuals with different glucose metabolic statuses.
Methods
This study enrolled 2792 participants with CAD in China between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2021. All participants were divided into groups according to the tertiles of the TyG index as follows: T1 group, TyG index < 6.87; T2 group, TyG index ≥ 6.87 to < 7.38; and T3 group, TyG index ≥ 7.38. The glucose metabolic status was classified as normal glucose regulation, pre-diabetes mellitus (pre-DM), and diabetes mellitus according to the standards of the American Diabetes Association. CAD severity was determined by the number of stenotic vessels (single-vessel CAD versus multi-vessel CAD).
Results
We observed a significant relationship between the TyG index and incidence of multi-vessel CAD. After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, hypertension, estimated glomerular filtration rate, antiplatelet drug use, antilipidemic drug use, and antihypertensive drug use in the logistic regression model, the TyG index was still an independent risk factor for multi-vessel CAD. Additionally, the highest tertile of the TyG group (T3 group) was correlated with a 1.496-fold risk of multi-vessel CAD compared with the lowest tertile of the TyG group (T1 group) (odds ratio OR, 1.496; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.183–1.893; P < 0.001) in the multivariable logistic regression model. Furthermore, a dose–response relationship was observed between the TyG index and CAD severity (non-linear P = 0.314). In the subgroup analysis of different glucose metabolic statuses, the T3 group (OR, 1.541; 95% CI 1.013–2.344; P = 0.043) were associated with a significantly higher risk of multi-vessel CAD in individuals with pre-DM.
Conclusions
An increased TyG index was associated with a higher risk of multi-vessel CAD. Our study indicated that TyG as an estimation index for evaluating IR could be a valuable predictor of CAD severity, especially for individuals with pre-DM.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Background
Stress hyperglycemia is strongly associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Recently, the stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) has been ...proposed to represent relative hyperglycemia. Studies regarding the relationship between SHR and mortality in coronary artery disease (CAD) are limited. This study aimed to clarify the association between SHR and in-hospital mortality in patients with CAD.
Methods
A total of 19,929 patients with CAD who were hospitalized in Beijing Hospital were enrolled in this study. Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 ml/min, cancer, or missing blood glucose/HbA1c data were excluded; therefore, 8,196 patients were included in the final analysis. The patients were divided into three groups based on tertiles of SHR: T1 group (SHR < 0.725, n = 2,732), T2 group (0.725 ≤ SHR < 0.832, n = 2,730), and T3 group (SHR ≥ 0.832, n = 2,734). The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality.
Results
The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 0.91% (n = 74). After adjusting for covariates, SHR was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with CAD odds ratio (OR) = 17.038; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 9.668–30.027;
P <
0.001, and the T3 group had a higher risk of in-hospital mortality (OR = 4.901; 95% CI = 2.583–9.297;
P <
0.001) compared with T1 group. In the subgroup analysis, the T3 group had an increased risk of mortality among patients with pre-diabetes mellitus (pre-DM) (OR = 9.670; 95% CI = 1.886–49.571;
P
= 0.007) and diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR = 5.023; 95% CI = 2.371–10.640; P < 0.001) after adjustments for covariates. The relationship between SHR and in-hospital mortality among patients with ACS and chronic coronary syndrome was consistent with the main finding. SHR and in-hospital mortality exhibited a dose-response relationship, and the risk of in-hospital mortality increased when the SHR index was above 1.20. Moreover, the area under the curve of SHR for predicting in-hospital mortality in patients with CAD was 0.741.
Conclusion
SHR is significantly associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with CAD. SHR may be an effective predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with CAD, especially for those with pre-DM and DM.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The Duolong district in central Tibet hosts a number of porphyry as well as high sulfidation epithermal copper–gold deposits and prospects, associated with voluminous calc-alkaline volcanism and ...plutonism. In this study, we present new geochronological, geochemical, isotopic and mineralogical data for both economically mineralized and barren porphyritic intrusions from the Duobuza and Naruo porphyry Cu–Au deposits. Zircon U–Pb analyses suggest the emplacement of economically mineralized granodiorite porphyry and barren granodiorite porphyry at Naruo deposit took place at 119.8±1.4Ma and 117.2±0.5Ma, respectively. Four molybdenite samples from the Naruo deposit yield an isochron Re–Os age of 119.5±3.2Ma, indicating mineralization occurred synchronously with the emplacement of the early granodiorite porphyry. At Duobuza deposit, the barren quartz diorite porphyry intruded at 119.5±0.7Ma, and two economically mineralized intrusions intruded at 118.5±1.2Ma (granodiorite porphyry) and 117.5±1.2Ma (quartz diorite porphyry), respectively. Petrographic investigations and geochemical data indicate that all of the porphyritic intrusions were oxidized, water rich, and subduction-related calc-alkaline magmas. Zircons from the porphyritic intrusions have a wide range in the εHf (0–11.1) indicating that they were sourced from mixing of mantle-derived mafic, and crust-derived felsic melts. Moreover, the variation of trace element content of plagioclase phenocrysts indicates that the magma chambers were recharged by mafic magmas.
Comparison of the composition of amphibole phenocrysts indicates the porphyry copper–gold mineralization at Duolong was generated in magma chambers at low crystallization temperatures and pressures (754° to 791°C, 59M to 73MPa, n=8), and under highly oxidizing conditions (ΔNNO 2.2 to 2.7, n=8). In contrast, barren intrusions were sourced from the magma chambers with higher crystallization temperatures and pressures (816° to 892°C, 111 to 232MPa, n=22) that were less oxidizing (ΔNNO 0.6 to 1.6, n=22). The requirement for a thermal contrast is supported by the declining of Ti content in magnetite crystals in barren intrusions (12,550 to 34,200ppm) versus those from economically mineralized intrusions (600 to 3400ppm). Moreover, the V content in magnetite crystals from economically mineralized intrusions (990 to 2510ppm) is lower than those recorded from barren intrusions (2610 to 3510ppm), which might reflect the variation in oxidation state of the magma. The calculated water solubility of the magma forming the economically mineralized intrusions (3.2–3.7wt%) is lower than that of magma forming the barren intrusions (4.6–6.4wt%). Based on the chemical–physical characteristics of economically mineralized magma, our study suggests that the development of porphyry Cu–Au mineralization at Duolong was initiated by shallow-level emplacement of a magma that crystallized at lower temperatures and pressures. Experimental studies show that copper and water solubilities in silicate melts decrease with falling temperatures and pressures, indicating metals and ore-forming fluids are more likely to be released from a magma reservoir emplaced at shallow crustal levels. We propose the magnetite might be a convenient exploration tool in the search for porphyry copper mineralization because the variations in Ti and V content of mineral concentrates and rock samples are indicative of barren versus mineralized intrusions.
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•The emplacement of porphyritic intrusions and Cu-Au mineralization took place within a short period (120~117 Ma) at Duolong.•The generation of porphyritic intrusions was caused by a mixing of mantle-derived melts and crust-derived melts.•The generation of copper–gold mineralization was related to magma chambers of lower crystallization temperatures and pressures.•Magnetite might be a exploration tool due to the variation of Ti and V contents in the barren and mineralized intrusions.
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•The xenotime U–Pb age of 426 ± 6.0 Ma (2σ) records a regional metamorphic event.•Two hydrothermal xenotime yielded U–Pb ages of 256.0 ± 4.1 Ma (2σ) and 254.4 ± 2.1 Ma.•Hydrothermal ...titanite shows an age of 255.4 ± 0.8 Ma.•Ore-forming fluids dominantly originated from the crustal sources.
The Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit, located in the northwestern part of the North China craton (NCC), has produced over 120 metric tonnes (t) of gold since 2007. It has a total reserve of > 240 t at average gold grade of 0.62 g/t, making it one of the largest open pit gold mines in China. The steeply dipping, large-tonnage, low-grade, vein- or veinlet-type gold orebodies are hosted in strongly-deformed Mesoproterozoic carbonaceous schist of the Bayan Obo Group. The laminated/boudinaged veins/veinlets in the sinistral ductile–brittle shear zones are dominated by quartz, biotite, gold-bearing löllingite, pyrrhotite, (arseno)pyrite, with minor native gold, titanite and xenotime. In this paper, we present new in situ U–Pb geochronological data on magmatic zircon from the pre-ore dikes, on metamorphic and hydrothermal xenotime, and on hydrothermal titanite from the hydrothermally altered carbonaceous schist and auriferous quartz–sulfides veins/veinlets, as well as He-Ar isotopic analysis on gold-bearing (arseno)pyrite in the syn-ore stage. The metamorphic xenotime U–Pb age of 426 ± 6.0 Ma (2σ) records a regional metamorphic event, possibly related to the accretion of the Bainaimiao arc onto the NCC. Two pre-ore andesitic dikes yielded similar emplacement ages at ∼ 278 Ma constrained by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb zircon data. Hydrothermal xenotime grains from the altered carbonaceous schist and auriferous quartz–sulfides veins yielded U–Pb ages of 256.0 ± 4.1 Ma (2σ) and 254.4 ± 2.1 Ma (2σ), respectively, overlapping with that of the hydrothermal titanite at 255.4 ± 0.8 Ma (2σ) from the laminated quartz–sulfides veinlets. This indicates that the gold mineralization occurred at ca. 255 Ma. The ∼ 255 Ma gold mineralization age is much younger than the previously reported Early–Middle Permian regional magmatic activity (ca. 291 Ma to 268 Ma), and may be associated with the regional sinistral strike-slip event in the late orogenic cycle related to the collision between the Siberian craton and the NCC. The 3He/4He (R/Ra) and 40Ar/36Ar values of the gold-bearing (arseno)pyrite are 0.04 to 0.09 (average = 0.07) and 375.8 to 2023 (average = 1045), which reveal the ore-forming fluids dominantly originated from the crustal rocks, with limited involvement from the mantle. Collectively, our new geochronological data, noble gas isotopic analyses, and geological evidence support a typical orogenic gold deposit model at Haoyaoerhudong.
Background:
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. The effectiveness and mechanism of edoxaban in preventing stroke after atrial fibrillation remain unclear.
Methods:
The ...expressions of HBG1 and HBD in red blood cells were tested in AF. Sixty C57B/6J mice were randomly divided into the following groups: the control (CON) group, atrial fibrillation (AF) group, AF + edoxaban group, and AF + rivaroxaban group. H&E staining assay and reticular fiber staining were performed. Myocardial fibrosis was evaluated by the Masson staining assay, Sirius red staining assay, and immunohistochemical assay for the expressions of α-SMA and COL1A1. ELISA and RT-PCR assay were performed for the detection of inflammatory parameters (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10). Blood lipids were detected by using the Beckman automatic biochemical analyzer. Furthermore, four items of coagulation were detected, and molecular docking among HBG1, HBD, and MASP1 (Xa) was performed by PyMOL 2.1 software. The BP neural network model, cubic spline interpolation, and support vector machine model were constructed to predict prothrombin time based on HBG1 and HBD expressions. COIP assay was performed to construct the interaction between HBG1 and HBD. The functional enrichment analysis was performed by DAVID and Metascape tools.
Results
: The expressions of HBG1 and HBD in red blood cells of the patients with atrial fibrillation were decreased. The results showed a lower level of hemoglobin in red blood cells with HBG1-siRNA and HBG1-siRNA. Compared with the AF group, the collagen fiber percentage in the AF + edoxaban group was decreased (
p
< 0.05). After using edoxaban, the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly decreased (
p
< 0.05). The LDL-C, TC, and TG levels were downregulated in the AF + edoxaban group. The PT and APTT levels in the AF + edoxaban group were more increasing than in the AF mice (
p
< 0.05). Compared with the AF group, the expressions of HBG1 and HBD were downregulated in the AF + edoxaban group (
p
< 0.05). HBG1 protein matched well with HBD and MASP1(Xa) protein surfaces. There exists a significant interaction between HBG1, HBD, and PT
via
the BP neural network and support vector machine. Enrichment analysis showed that HBG1 and HBD were mainly enriched in blood coagulation.
Conclusion:
Edoxaban could prevent atrial fibrillation and coagulation by reducing inflammation, lipids, and fibrosis
via
HBG1/HBD biomarkers effectively, and the effect was superior to that of rivaroxaban.
Since myocardial work (MW) and left atrial strain are valuable for screening coronary artery disease (CAD), this study aimed to develop a novel CAD screening approach based on machine ...learning-enhanced echocardiography.
This prospective study used data from patients undergoing coronary angiography, in which the novel echocardiography features were extracted by a machine learning algorithm. A total of 818 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) groups. An additional 115 patients were also enrolled in the validation group.
The superior diagnosis model of CAD was optimized using 59 echocardiographic features in a gradient-boosting classifier. This model showed that the value of the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) was 0.852 in the test group and 0.834 in the validation group, with high sensitivity (0.952) and low specificity (0.691), suggesting that this model is very sensitive for detecting CAD, but its low specificity may increase the high false-positive rate. We also determined that the false-positive cases were more susceptible to suffering cardiac events than the true-negative cases.
Machine learning-enhanced echocardiography can improve CAD detection based on the MW and left atrial strain features. Our developed model is valuable for estimating the pre-test probability of CAD and screening CAD patients in clinical practice.
Registered as NCT03905200 at ClinicalTrials.gov. Registered on 5 April 2019.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To determine the prognostic value of cumulative calcification score of coronary artery calcification (CAC), thoracic aortic calcification (TAC) and aortic valve calcification (AVC) in acute ST ...segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.
This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study. A total of 332 STEMI patients who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) were enrolled in this study between January 2010 to October 2018. We assessed the calcification in the left anterior descending branch (LAD), left circumflex branch (LCX), right coronary artery (RCA), thoracic aorta, and aortic valve. Calcification of each part was counted as 1 point, and the cumulative calcification score was calculated as the sum of all points. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine association of cumulative calcification score with end points. The performance of the score was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and absolute net reclassification improvement (NRI), compared with the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score.
The overall population's calcification score was 2.0 ± 1.6. During a mean follow-up time of 69.8 ± 29.3 months, the all-cause mortality rate was 12.1%. Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the score was significantly associated with mortality (log-rank p < 0.001). The multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses showed that a calcification score of 4-5 was independently associated with all-cause death in STEMI patients hazard ratio (HR) = 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-5.31, p = 0.046. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the calcification score was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.61-0.72), and the AUC of the GRACE score was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75-0.84). There was no statistical difference in the predictive value between both scores for 3-year mortality in STEMI patients after PPCI (p = 0.06). Based on the NRI analysis, the calcification score showed better risk classification compared with the GRACE score (absolute NRI = 6.63%, P = 0.027).
The cumulative calcification score is independently associated with the long-term prognosis of STEMI patients after PPCI.
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