Iminopropanehydrazonoyl cyanide 4 was achieved upon reaction of antipyrine diazonium salt 2 with 3-iminobutanenitrile (3) in EtOH/AcONa. 3-Aminopyrazole derivative 5 was obtained upon reaction of 4 ...with hydrazine hydrate. Diazodization of 5 afforded the diazonium salt 6 which coupled with active methylene compounds 7–10, 19, 20, 25, 29 and 32 in pyridine to give aryl hydrazone derivatives 11–14, 21, 22, 26, 30 and 33, respectively. Refluxing of compounds 11–14, 21, 22, 26 and 33 in acetic acid afforded the pyrazolotriazines 15–18, 23, 24, 28 and 35, respectively. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. The results showed clearly that compounds 4, 5, 13, 22, and 24 displayed promising in vitro anticancer activity against four different cell lines (HepG2, WI 38, VERO and MCF-7). Compounds 4 and 22 are the more potent antioxidant and anticancer agents. On the other hand, most of the compounds exhibited good cytotoxic activity toward (EAC).
Display omitted Newly synthesized pyrazole derivatives were established on the basis of elemental analyses, spectral data and screened for their antitumor and antioxidant activities. Some of them showed promising activities.
► This work reports novel pyrazolotriazines incorporated antipyrine moiety. ► Synthesized compounds were characterized by analytical and spectral data. ► Compounds were screened for their antitumor and antioxidant activities. ► Some of the investigated compounds showed significant activities.
Nanotechnology has become a promising approach for addressing cancer therapy limitations because it reduces side effects and increases the efficacy of antineoplastic agents. Therefore, this research ...was designed to compare the in vitro therapeutic efficacy and in vivo adverse effects of gemcitabine (GEM) and gemcitabine-loaded silver nanoparticles (GEM-AgNPs). GEM molecules were successfully attached to AgNP surfaces with a homogenous and spherical shape. The zeta size of AgNPs and GEM-AgNPs was 79.35 ± 3.2 and 75.1 ± 7 nm, respectively. The anticancer effect of AgNPs and GEM-AgNPs was investigated against a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), and cytotoxic activity was evaluated by MTT assay. Apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle arrest were also assessed. The cytotoxic activity was recorded in a concentration-dependent way. The findings have shown that GEM-AgNPs induced a better cytotoxic effect with an IC
50
value of 13.63 μg/mL compared to GEM (IC
50
value of 24.19 μg/mL) or AgNPs alone (IC
50
value of 50.6 μg/mL). GEM-AgNPs induced pre-G1 arrest and apoptotic/necrotic cell death. Our in vivo analysis involved the use of 40 male rats assigned equally into the control rats, and rats injected intraperitoneally with GEM (134 mg/kg), AgNPs (1 mg/kg), and GEM-AgNPs (134 mg/kg). GEM and GEM-AgNPs were administered on the 1st, 7th, and 14th day of the experiment. Intraperitoneal GEM injection induced marked hematological, biochemical, hepatorenal, and histopathological alterations, while the loading of GEM in AgNPs to some extent ameliorated these alterations and significantly improved its therapeutic efficacy against HepG2 cells. These findings indicate the potential use of GEM-AgNPs in the clinical setting for anticancer treatment.
The present work was designed to assess the potential ameliorative effect of thymol on the testicular toxicity caused by imidacloprid (IMI) in adult male rats. Forty adult male rats were allocated ...into four groups; control group was given corn oil, thymol-treated group (30 mg/kg b.wt), IMI-treated group (22.5 mg/kg b.wt), and IMI + thymol-treated group. All administrations were done by gavage every day for duration of 56 days. As a result, the IMI exposure caused a significant decline in the body weight change, reproductive organ weights, sperm functional parameters, and serum level of testosterone, widespread histological alterations, and apoptosis in the testis. Additionally, the IMI-treated rats exhibited a remarkable increment in the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Also, IMI induced testicular oxidative stress, as indicated by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a marked decline in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. Moreover, IMI treatment significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of steroidogenic genes and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoexpression in the testicular tissue. However, thymol co-administration significantly mitigated the IMI-induced toxic effects. Our findings suggested that IMI acts as a male reproductive toxicant in rats and thymol could be a potential therapeutic option for IMI reprotoxic impacts.
Display omitted
•Imidacloprid acts as a male reproductive toxicant in rats.•Thymol attenuates IMI-induced testicular oxidative stress.•Thymol improves semen quality and steroidogenesis.•Thymol protects rat testis from apoptotic events induced by Imidacloprid.
The existence of fenitrothion (FNT) in the soil, water, and food products has harmful effects on non-target organisms. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and ...neurotoxic effects of FNT and the possible ameliorative effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of intracellular GSH, on FNT-induced toxicity. For this purpose, thirty-two adult male albino rats were allocated into control group and groups treated with NAC (200 mg/kg), FNT (10 mg/kg) and FNT + NAC via gastric tube daily for 28 days. FNT intoxication significantly reduced food intake, water intake, body weight, and body weight gain and altered the expression of phase I and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes—cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1) and glutathione S-transferase (GSTA4-4). In hepatic, renal and brain tissues, FNT induced oxidative stress, hepatopathy, nephropathy, and encephalopathy, and significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, FNT exposure significantly elevated the level of hepatic and renal injury biomarkers and significantly inhibited the brain acetylcholinesterase activity. Co-administration of NAC with FNT modulated most of these altered biochemical, oxidative and inflammatory markers and restored the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes expression and histological structures. Our study indicated the involvement of oxidative damage, inflammation, and alteration of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes expression in FNT-induced toxicity and revealed that they were significantly improved by NAC co-treatment. These findings suggest that NAC administration might protect against FNT-induced toxicity in non-target organisms, including humans.
•Fenitrothion (FNT) has dangerous impacts on non-target organisms.•FNT induces alterations of CYP1A1 and GSTA4-4 gene expression.•FNT induces oxidative stress, hepatopathy, nephropathy, and encephalopathy.•NAC administration in FNT-intoxicated rats restored most of altered parameters.•NAC can protect against FNT-induced toxicities in non-target organisms.
This paper investigates the effect of changing cell temperature and solar irradiance on the choice and design of different topologies of DC–DC converter commonly used in photovoltaic (PV) systems. ...Under fluctuation of climatic conditions, the maximum power point (MPP) of PV generator will change. The maximum power point tracker (MPPT) must adjust the converter duty cycle to track the new MPP. Thus the converter must be chosen to be able to match the MPP under different atmospheric conditions. In addition, when the duty cycle changes as a result of changed climatic conditions, the boundary of the converter design parameters will change. So these parameters must be chosen to achieve the highest performance at all. The study shows that, only the buck–boost and the C′uk converter are capable of achieving the optimal operation regardless of the load value. And for a permanent operation in continuous conduction mode the filter inductance for all converter topologies must be greater than the maximum value of boundary inductance. Also in order to limit the ripple in the output voltage below a certain value, the filter capacitance must be larger than the maximum value of boundary capacitance.
► The study discusses the different types of DC–DC converter commonly used in PV pumping systems. ► How to choose the appropriate type for different loads. ► Get the best design for each type. ► Discusses these issues under different climatic conditions in EGYPT.
This paper delves into the investigation of the COVID-19 dynamics within a host using the Target-Latent-Infected-Virus (TLIV) model, presenting a fresh approach compared to previous studies. Our ...model introduces a latent class and explores sensitivity analysis, aspects that have received limited attention in prior research. A significant contribution of this study is the analysis of both local and global stability of equilibrium states, subject to specific sufficient conditions based on the basic reproduction number Formula: see text. By examining these stability properties, we aim to gain insights into the factors underlying variations observed in the findings of different studies. Additionally, we identify the death rate of infected cells as the parameter most susceptible to influence in our model. To minimize its impact and facilitate recovery, it is crucial to implement appropriate medical therapies and consume immune-boosting foods. Some computer simulations are carried out to strengthen the theoretical results.
The corrosion inhibition of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) toward the aluminum surface in 1.0M HCl has been studied by weight loss and polarization techniques. The results showed that the PEG acts as a ...good inhibitor and the inhibition efficiency is due to the anodic and cathodic inhibition (mixed type). The thermodynamic functions were calculated to find a good correlation with the inhibition efficiency. Quantum chemical parameters were calculated using ab initio and DFT methods to find a good correlation with the inhibition efficiency. A good correlation was found between the theoretical calculations and experimental observations.
Abstract
Background
This study was conducted to estimate the impacts of using varied feeding regimens with or without protease supplementation on the growth performance, apparent amino acid ileal ...digestibility (AID%), economic efficiency, intestinal histology, and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old chicks (Ross 308 broiler) were randomly allotted to a 3 × 2 factorial design. The experimental design consisted of three feeding regimens; FR1: a recommended protein SBM diet, FR2: a low-protein SBM diet, and FR3: a low-protein diet with the inclusion of 5% DDGS and 5% SFM, with or without protease supplementation (250 mg/kg).
Results
Increased feed intake and feed conversion ratio were observed in the FR3 treatment during the starter stage and decreased body weight and body weight gain during the grower stage. However, there was no significant effect of the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction on the overall performance. The economic value of diets also remained unaffected by the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction. Protease supplementation resulted in lowering the AID% of tryptophan and leucine. Reduced AID% of methionine was evident in the FR2 + VE and FR3 − VE treatments. Histological findings substantiated the FR3 treatment mediated a decrease in the duodenal and jejunal villous height (VH), jejunal villous width (VW), and ileal VW, whereas, increase in the ileal crypt depth (CD). The FR2 + VE treatment reduced the VH:CD ratio in the duodenum. The duodenal CD and the jejunal goblet cell count were reduced as a consequence of protease supplementation. The FR3 + VE treatment documented a rise in duodenal CD, while an increase in the jejunal goblet cell count was observed in the FR3 − VE treatment. The FR3 treatment enhanced the IgM serum levels compared to the FR1 and FR2 treatments. IgM serum levels were also elevated following protease supplementation. FR3 + VE treatment increased IgM serum levels. The highest serum ALP was found in the FR3 treatment, whereas the lowest level was obtained in the FR2 treatment.
Conclusion
Low-protein SBM-based diets could be used without affecting the birds’ growth. Altered morphometric measures of the intestine and increased IgM and ALP levels indicated the low-protein SBM/DDGS-SFM diet-induced damage of the intestinal histoarchitecture and immune system of birds. These different diets and protease supplementation failed to affect economic efficiency positively.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the present study, chitosan assembled on gold and silver nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by UV–vis, TEM, EDX and DLS techniques. The nanocomposites chitosan (Ch)/clay, chitosan ...(Ch)/AgNPs/clay and chitosan (Ch)/AuNPs/clay were prepared by solution mixing method and characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. The adsorption of copper(II) ions onto the prepared hybrid composites from an aqueous solution using batch adsorption was examined. The results showed that benefiting from the surface property of clay, the abundant amino and hydroxyl functional groups of chitosan, the adsorbent provides adequate and versatile adsorption for the Cu(II) ions under investigation. The batch adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption of the Cu(II) is considerably dependent on pH of milieu, the amount of adsorbent, and contact time. Batch adsorption studies revealed that the adsorption capacity of Cu(II) increased with increase in initial concentration and contact time with optimum pH in the range around neutral. The maximum uptake of Cu(II) ions by (Ch)/AgNPs/clay composite was found to be 181.5mg/g. The adsorption efficiency of Cu(II) ions by prepared (Ch)/AgNPs/clay and (Ch)/AuNPs/clay is bigger than that the individual chitosan (Ch)/clay composite which clarifies the role of metal nanoparticles in enhancement the adsorption characters. The study suggests that the (Ch)/AgNPs/clay hybrid composite is a promising nano-adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution.
In this study, we examined the adverse consequences of prolonged treatment with sildenafil and/or clomipramine (CLO) on the hepatic, cardiac and testicular tissues of rats. Additionally, we ...investigated the potential effects of treatment discontinuation. To this end, 60 adult male rats were randomly assigned into six groups and were orally treated with 4.5 mg sildenafil /kg BW (SLD) and 9 mg/ kg BW (SHD), 2.25 mg CLO/kg BW (CLO), 4.5 mg sildenafil/kg BW + 2.25 mg CLO/kg BW (SLD‐CLO) and 9 mg sildenafil/kg BW + 2.25 mg CLO/kg BW (SHD‐CLO) while the control rats received 0.5 ml distilled water for 8 weeks. Then, five rats from each group were sacrificed and the other five rats were left untreated for another four weeks to recover from the drug treatment. Long‐term administration of sildenafil and/or CLO led to oxidative stress, inflammation and structural changes in the liver, heart and testis, reduction in sperm count and motility, an increase in abnormalities, and a reduction in serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels. All tested parameters returned to the normal state following the four‐week discontinuation of sildenafil. Additionally, all the alterations caused by long‐term administration of CLO, SLD‐CLO and SHD‐CLO were significantly improved during the recovery period.
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