This feature article focuses on tuning options of photoluminescence properties of lanthanide containing Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Dense Frameworks by selection of an appropriate set of ...metal ions together with suitable ligands. In addition to lanthanide-only systems, frameworks with main group and transition metal ions that are heterometallic or co-doped with variable lanthanide content offer excellent tuning options for luminescence. The MOF feature porosity enables further applications such as sensors for a large number of chemical analytes by selective influences on the luminescence upon contact. The application of functional thin films marks the most recent development of this amazingly growing field, involving processing and structuring.
This Feature Article illustrates recent developments of luminescent MOFs, Ln-based luminescence tuning in multi-metal systems, luminescence sensing, and thin films.
Social-neuroscience research has identified a set of medial frontoparietal brain regions that reliably engage during social cognition. At the same time, cognitive-neuroscience research has shown that ...these regions comprise part of the default network, so named because they reliably activate during mental breaks by default. Although the anatomical similarity between the social brain and the default brain is well documented, why this overlap exists remains a mystery. Does the tendency to engage these regions by default during rest have particular social functions, and if so, what might these be? Here, it is suggested that the default network performs two critical social functions during rest: social priming and social consolidation. These constructs will be defined, recently published empirical findings that support them will be reviewed, and directions for future research on the topic will be proposed.
•The electron transfer mechanism in microbial fuel cells (MFC) is reviewed.•Microbial fuel cells (MFC) benefit both waste management and energy generation.•The factors that influence design, ...materials for the construction and performance of MFC were highlighted.
The unsustainable nature and the environmental impact of fossil fuels have shifted attention to renewable energy and fuel cells, especially in the transportation sector. In this study, the generation of electricity based on the electrons released from biochemical reactions facilitated by microbes is evaluated. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) represents an eco-friendly approach to generating electricity while purifying wastewater concurrently, achieving up to 50% chemical oxygen demand removal and power densities in the range of 420–460 mW/m2. The system utilizes the metabolism power of bacteria for electricity generation. This mini-review is quite comprehensive. It is different from other reviews, it is all-inclusive focusing on the; types of MFCs; substrates and microbes; areas of applications; device performances; design, and technology configuration. All these were evaluated, presented and discussed which can now be accessed in a single paper. It was discovered that higher power density and coulombic efficiency could be achieved through proper selection of microbes, mode of operation, a suitable material for construction, and improved MFC types. Also, the full-scale application of MFC is impeded by materials cost and the wastewater low buffering capacity. Though the electricity generated is still at the demonstration stage, to date, there is no industrial application. Therefore, this study reviewed articles on the technology to set new and insightful perspectives for further research and highlighted steps for scale-up while reinforcing the criteria for microbe selection and their corresponding activity.
Social connection is critical to well-being, yet how the brain reflects our attachment to other people remains largely unknown. We combined univariate and multivariate brain imaging analyses to ...assess whether and how the brain organizes representations of others based on how connected they are to our own identity. During an fMRI scan, female and male human participants (
= 43) completed a self- and other-reflection task for 16 targets: the self, five close others, five acquaintances, and five celebrities. In addition, they reported their subjective closeness to each target and their own trait loneliness. We examined neural responses to the self and others in a brain region that has been associated with self-representation (mPFC) and across the whole brain. The structure of self-other representation in the mPFC and across the social brain appeared to cluster targets into three social categories: the self, social network members (including close others and acquaintances), and celebrities. Moreover, both univariate activation in mPFC and multivariate self-other similarity in mPFC and across the social brain increased with subjective self-other closeness ratings. Critically, participants who were less socially connected (i.e., lonelier) showed altered self-other mapping in social brain regions. Most notably, in mPFC, loneliness was associated with reduced representational similarity between the self and others. The social brain apparently maintains information about broad social categories as well as closeness to the self. Moreover, these results point to the possibility that feelings of chronic social disconnection may be mirrored by a "lonelier" neural self-representation.
Social connection is critical to well-being, yet how the brain reflects our attachment to people remains unclear. We found that the social brain stratifies neural representations of people based on our subjective connection to them, separately clustering people who are and are not in our social network. Moreover, the people we feel closest to are represented most closely to ourselves. Finally, lonelier individuals also appeared to have a "lonelier" neural self-representation in the mPFC, as loneliness attenuated the similarity between self and other neural representations in this region. The social brain appears to map our interpersonal ties, and alterations in this map may help explain why lonely individuals endorse statements such as "people are around me but not with me."
Objective: We developed clinical practice guidelines for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
Participants: The Task Force included a chair, selected by The Endocrine Society Clinical Guidelines ...Subcommittee (CGS), ten additional clinicians experienced in treating CAH, a methodologist, and a medical writer. Additional experts were also consulted. The authors received no corporate funding or remuneration.
Consensus Process: Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions. The guidelines were reviewed and approved sequentially by The Endocrine Society’s CGS and Clinical Affairs Core Committee, members responding to a web posting, and The Endocrine Society Council. At each stage, the Task Force incorporated changes in response to written comments.
Conclusions: We recommend universal newborn screening for severe steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency followed by confirmatory tests. We recommend that prenatal treatment of CAH continue to be regarded as experimental. The diagnosis rests on clinical and hormonal data; genotyping is reserved for equivocal cases and genetic counseling. Glucocorticoid dosage should be minimized to avoid iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome. Mineralocorticoids and, in infants, supplemental sodium are recommended in classic CAH patients. We recommend against the routine use of experimental therapies to promote growth and delay puberty; we suggest patients avoid adrenalectomy. Surgical guidelines emphasize early single-stage genital repair for severely virilized girls, performed by experienced surgeons. Clinicians should consider patients’ quality of life, consulting mental health professionals as appropriate. At the transition to adulthood, we recommend monitoring for potential complications of CAH. Finally, we recommend judicious use of medication during pregnancy and in symptomatic patients with nonclassic CAH.
Presented is The Endocrine Society Guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
Highlights • We provide evidence supporting pre- and intra-operative management of patients undergoing gynecologic/oncology surgery. • This guideline will help integrate knowledge into practice, ...align perioperative care, and encourage future investigations.
Highlights • We provide evidence supporting postoperative management of patients undergoing gynecologic/oncology surgery. • This guideline will help integrate knowledge into practice, align ...perioperative care, and encourage future investigations.
We investigated the underlying mechanisms of the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on mental health and self-rated health (SRH), and evaluated how these relationships might vary by ...race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
We analyzed data of 44 921 adults who responded to the 2009 California Health Interview Survey. We used a path analysis to test effects of SES, neighborhood safety, and physical activity on mental health and SRH.
Low SES was associated with greater neighborhood safety concerns, which were negatively associated with physical activity, which was then negatively related to mental health and SRH. This model was similar across different racial/ethnic and gender groups, but mean levels in the constructs differed across groups.
SES plays an important role in SRH and mental health, and this effect is further nuanced by race/ethnicity and gender. Identifying the psychological (neighborhood safety) and behavioral (physical activity) factors that influence mental health and SRH is critical for tailoring interventions and designing programs that can improve overall health.
•We consider four methods that have reverse inference or causal inference value to assessing the function of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC).•Significant clusters within MPFC were each associated ...more strongly with social cognition, self, value, or emotional experience processes. A ventral MPFC cluster for social cognition was unexpected.•We identified a relatively non-selective region of ventral MPFC that may support situational processing, a process key to each domain, but also independent of each.
The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) has been posited to serve a variety of social, affective, and cognitive functions. These conclusions have largely been driven by forward inference analyses (e.g. GLM fMRI studies and meta-analyses) that indicate where domain-specific tasks tend to produce activity but tell us little about what those regions do. Here, we take a multi-method, multi-domain approach to the functionality of MPFC subdivisions within Brodmann areas 9-11. We consider four methods that each have reverse inference or causal inference value: lesion work, transcranial magnetic stimulation, multivariate pattern analysis, and Neurosynth analyses. The Neurosynth analyses include multi-term reverse inference analyses that compare several domains of interest to one another at once. We examine the evidence supporting structure-function links in five domains: social cognition, self, value, emotional experience, and mental time travel. The evidence is considered for each of three MPFC subdivisions: dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), anteromedial prefrontal cortex (AMPFC), and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Although there is evidentiary variability across methods, the results suggest that social processes are functionally linked to DMPFC (and somewhat surprisingly in VMPFC), self processes are linked to AMPFC, and affective processes are linked to AMPFC and VMPFC. There is also a relatively non-selective region of VMPFC that may support situational processing, a process key to each domain, but also independent of each.
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