El presente artículo tiene como objetivo ofrecer información, conocimientos y reflexiones al docente universitario, interesado en mejorar su desempeño en el aula en los tiempos que corren. Ello ...supone, necesariamente, asumir cambios significativos en las ejecuciones del aula de clases para rectificar la llamada educación tradicional, presente en el sistema educativo desde tiempos remotos y responsable del memorismo. Sin embargo, para que se manifieste el cambio, se requiere estar al día en el conocimiento y las aplicaciones de la Psicología de la educación y sus manifestaciones en las teorías de aprendizaje, con énfasis en una de las más útiles para iniciar el “aprender a enseñar” y el “aprender a aprender”: la teoría del procesamiento de la información o cognitivismo. Esta permite mostrar a los estudiantes sus mecanismos mentales y su aplicabilidad por la mediación docente para activar estrategias cognitivas y metacognitivas que promuevan el aprendizaje significativo; acto previo a visualizar al estudiante como “constructor de su propio aprendizaje”.
Reducing the social, environmental, and economic impacts of droughts and identifying pathways towards drought resilient societies remains a global priority. A common understanding of the drivers of ...drought risk and ways in which drought impacts materialize is crucial for improved assessments and for the identification and (spatial) planning of targeted drought risk reduction and adaptation options. Over the past two decades, we have witnessed an increase in drought risk assessments across spatial and temporal scales drawing on a multitude of conceptual foundations and methodological approaches. Recognizing the diversity of approaches in science and practice as well as the associated opportunities and challenges, we present the outcomes of a systematic literature review of the state of the art of people-centered drought vulnerability and risk conceptualization and assessments, and identify persisting gaps. Our analysis shows that, of the reviewed assessments, (i) more than 60% do not explicitly specify the type of drought hazard that is addressed, (ii) 42% do not provide a clear definition of drought risk, (iii) 62% apply static, index-based approaches, (iv) 57% of the indicator-based assessments do not specify their weighting methods, (v) only 11% conduct any form of validation, (vi) only ten percent develop future scenarios of drought risk, and (vii) only about 40% of the assessments establish a direct link to drought risk reduction or adaptation strategies, i.e. consider solutions. We discuss the challenges associated with these findings for both assessment and identification of drought risk reduction measures, and identify research needs to inform future research and policy agendas in order to advance the understanding of drought risk and support pathways towards more drought resilient societies.
We investigated interfacial reactions of U(VI) in the presence of Suwannee River natural organic matter (NOM) at acidic and neutral pH. Laboratory batch experiments show that the adsorption and ...precipitation of U(VI) in the presence of NOM occur at pH 2 and pH 4, while the aqueous complexation of U by dissolved organic matter is favored at pH 7, preventing its precipitation. Spectroscopic analyses indicate that U(VI) is mainly adsorbed to the particulate organic matter at pH 4. However, U(VI)-bearing ultrafine to nanocrystalline solids were identified at pH 4 by electron microscopy. This study shows the promotion of U(VI) precipitation by NOM at low pH which may be relevant to the formation of mineralized deposits, radioactive waste repositories, wetlands, and other U- and organic-rich environmental systems.
Global drought risk assessments have been conducted with the objective of highlighting the regions or countries most at risk, and their outcomes are deemed useful to inform decisions on the ...implementation of risk reduction, transfer, financing, and adaptation strategies. However, by virtue of the scale of the assessment, some countries and regions experiencing negative impacts of droughts may not appear in “high” risk categories in global comparisons. This limits and potentially biases the ability of decision-makers, regional organisations, or funding mechanisms to recognise which countries under their purview should be targeted for assistance. This paper addresses this gap by comparing the outcomes of global and regional drought risk assessments for different clusters of countries of particular relevance to international climate and disaster risk policy. Results show that 50 countries changed the risk category to “high” or “very high” in their clusters compared to a lower risk category at the global level, due to the renormalisation of raw indicator values with different ranges for each cluster. The findings highlight the importance of analysing risk at multiple spatial scales to ensure no country is “left behind” in global risk and adaptation finance decisions.
In this paper, we describe a framework for bilingual decoding instruction, with a call for collaborators. Decoding is the ability to apply knowledge of letter-sound correspondences to pronounce ...words. We adopt a standard phonological approach for early instruction that could be expanded to include practice with constructive morphemes, like prefixes and suffixes, and reading for meaning. Decades of research have shown that word decoding is a bottleneck in reading comprehension. Unless children develop sight-word reading capabilities, comprehension of texts is severely hampered. The present approach draws on children’s spoken vocabulary knowledge in their native language as a bridge to decoding in a second language. The goal is to develop a tutoring system that draws on current and forthcoming multimedia technologies, and to implement the system in multilingual countries, e.g.: USA, India, Ukraine and across national borders. As a starting point, the authors will use a web platform https://ethicalengineer.ttu.edu designed in 2017 by the USA, Indian, and Ukrainian collaborators, several of them being co-authors of this paper, as a model for the new website for reading instruction. The Ethical Engineer website demonstrates one mechanism through which instructors can reach out to establish connections within and outside their native country around topics and issues of common interest and support educator cooperation and research development. The new model hopes to achieve success comparable to that of the EthicalEngineer. Using computer-based instruction allows for empirical testing of teaching methods, thereby optimizing the educational process. It is important to take advantage of this to ensure the most effective methods are used in early reading instruction for children.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Landscape change is a key variable in place attachment and identity. Moving on from previous studies in the field of landscape and planning research, this paper specifically aims to explore the ...impact of loss of access to urban green and open space on memories and emotional connections to place. These issues were examined in the context of a former coal mining community with strong social cohesion and local identity in order to analyze the impact of urban transformation on the past and present meanings of place for current inhabitants. Research methods involved a mixture of qualitative tools including focus groups, life narratives, blank mapping research, and cartographic analysis of land use change. Results present powerful evidence of the important detrimental effects that unplanned landscape change can have on everyday access to open spaces, and in consequence, on positive meanings of place. Moreover, these dynamics can deeply affect historical company towns undergoing processes of decay after industrial closure. In this sense, this study can contribute to developing recommendations for current planning practices within the context of heritage management.
El cambio del paisaje es una variable clave en el apego al lugar y la identidad. Avanzando de estudios anteriores en el campo de la investigación sobre el paisaje y la planificación, este artículo se enfoca específicamente en explorar el impacto de la pérdida de acceso al verde urbano y los espacios abiertos en los recuerdos, y las conexiones emocionales al lugar. Estos temas se examinaron en el contexto de una antigua comunidad minera de carbón, con una fuerte cohesión social e identidad local, a fin de analizar el impacto de la transformación urbana en los significados pasados y presentes del lugar para los habitantes actuales. Los métodos de investigación comprendieron una mezcla de herramientas cualitativas, incluyendo grupos focales, narrativas de vida, investigación de mapas en blanco, y análisis cartográfico del cambio de uso de la tierra. Los resultados presentan evidencia relevante de los importantes efectos perjudiciales que el cambio del paisaje no planificado puede tener en el acceso cotidiano a los espacios abiertos y, en consecuencia, en los significados positivos del lugar. Además, estas dinámicas pueden afectar profundamente a las históricas colonias industriales que experimentan procesos de deterioro tras el cierre de las industrias. En este sentido, este estudio puede contribuir a elaborar recomendaciones para las prácticas de planificación actuales dentro del contexto de la gestión del patrimonio.
The devastating impacts of drought are fast becoming a global concern. Zimbabwe is among the countries more severely affected, where drought impacts have led to water shortages, declining yields, and ...periods of food insecurity, accompanied by economic downturns. In particular, the country’s agricultural sector, mostly comprised of smallholder rainfed systems, is at great risk of drought. In this study, a multimethod approach is applied, including a remote sensing-based analysis of vegetation health data from 1989–2019 to assess the drought hazard, as well as a spatial analysis combined with expert consultations to determine drought vulnerability and exposure of agricultural systems. The results show that droughts frequently occur with changing patterns across Zimbabwe. Every district has been affected by drought during the past thirty years, with varying levels of severity and frequency. Severe drought episodes have been observed in 1991–1992, 1994–1995, 2002–2003, 2015–2016, and 2018–2019. Drought vulnerability and exposure vary substantially in the country, with the south-western provinces of Matabeleland North and South showing particularly high levels. Assessments of high-risk areas, combined with an analysis of the drivers of risk, set the path towards tailor-made adaptation strategies that consider drought frequency and severity, exposure, and vulnerability.
Las instituciones de educación superior evocan esfuerzos hacia acciones innovadoras que impulsen la internacionalización del currículo y promuevan el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural en sus ...programas educativos, a través del uso del inglés como medio de instrucción. Considerando el enfoque teórico de la innovación educativa y la perspectiva de la internacionalización, este texto tiene como objetivo analizar los factores que restringen un proceso innovador, en el cual se implementan asignaturas en la Universidad de Sonora, México desde la percepción del profesorado. Desde el enfoque cuantitativo y el método descriptivo, se realiza la aplicación de un cuestionario digital a 36 personas docentes que fueron acreditadas durante 2018-2019 para ofrecer este tipo de enseñanza. Los resultados denotan aspectos que, en su mayoría, restringen el proceso de innovación, aunque también destaca el interés y disposición de docentes hacia este proceso. Los factores que restringen comprenden la insuficiencia de la gestión institucional, al interior de instancias administrativas y de los departamentos, además de la falta de apoyo a docentes y el seguimiento a estas asignaturas, junto con la ausencia de un entendimiento compartido de los objetivos de la innovación; situación que permite suponer una comprensión programática acerca de la internacionalización. Se concluye la necesidad de promover políticas institucionales articuladas con la práctica, comprensión y adaptación a diferentes campos disciplinares, estableciendo pautas más prácticas para la implementación de este tipo de internacionalización. Además de la pertinencia de utilizar otras perspectivas teóricas en el estudio de la internacionalización del currículo.
This research addresses the process to enhance Lota’s industrial mining heritage, in the period between the Labor Reconversion Plan of 1997 and Lota Mining Complex’s application to UNESCO’s Tentative ...List at the beginning of 2021. This period allowed studying a series of strategies implemented by the State together with other actors, as well as understanding the involvement of the community in the commune’s revitalization process. The purpose of the research was to analyze these strategies, to make a comparison regarding the prevailing purposes and uses for each type of actor, according to the hypotheses and paradigms on the social uses of cultural heritage. To do this, the Critical Discourse Analysis approach and tools were applied to different documentary sources. The heritage valuation strategies and actions that emerge from the closure of the mines in Lota, were initially developed top-down, starting from the authorities. However, throughout the heritage valuation process, a series of instances are established where the local community begins to influence the comprehensive management of the site's components. In this way, the results of the research reveal a trend toward a horizontal relationship between the different actors involved in the safeguarding process, from a participatory approach that contemplates the involvement of the local community.
A presente investigação aborda o processo de valorização do patrimônio industrial mineiro do município de Lota no período compreendido entre o Plano de Reconversão Laboral de 1997 até a candidatura do Complexo Mineiro da Lota à Lista Tentativa da UNESCO no início de 2021. Este intervalo de tempo permitiu estudar uma série de estratégias implementadas pelo Estado e outros atores e compreender a incidência da comunidade no processo de revitalização experimentado pela comunidade. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar essas estratégias com o intuito de obter uma análise comparativa dos propósitos e usos que prevalecem para cada tipo de ator, de acordo com os postulados e paradigmas sobre os usos sociais do patrimônio cultural. Para isso, utilizou-se a abordagem e as ferramentas da Análise Crítica do Discurso aplicadas a diferentes fontes documentais. As estratégias e ações de valorização do patrimônio que surgiram após o fechamento das minas de Lota, foram desenvolvidas, em princípio, de forma vertical: de uma autoridade para baixo. No entanto, ao longo do processo de avaliação do patrimônio uma série de instâncias são estabelecidas, por meio das quais a comunidade local começa a influenciar a gestão integrada dos componentes do sítio. Desta forma, os resultados da pesquisa revelam uma tendência a uma relação horizontal entre os diferentes atores envolvidos no processo de salvaguarda, a partir de uma abordagem participativa que contempla a participação da comunidade local.
La investigación expuesta aborda el proceso de puesta en valor del patrimonio industrial minero de Lota, en el período comprendido entre el Plan de Reconversión Laboral de 1997 hasta la postulación del Conjunto Minero de Lota a la Lista Tentativa de UNESCO a inicios de 2021. Este rango temporal permitió estudiar una serie estrategias implementadas por parte del Estado, y otros actores, y comprender la incidencia de la comunidad en el proceso de revitalización que experimenta la comuna. El objetivo del estudio consistió en analizar dichas estrategias, de manera de obtener una comparativa respecto de los fines y usos que priman para cada tipo de actor, acorde a los postulados y paradigmas sobre los usos sociales del patrimonio cultural. Para ello se utilizó el enfoque y herramientas propios del Análisis Crítico del Discurso aplicado sobre distintas fuentes documentales. Las estrategias y acciones de valorización patrimonial que surgen a partir del cierre de las minas en Lota, se desarrollaron, en principio, de manera vertical: desde una autoridad hacia abajo. Sin embargo, a lo largo del proceso de valoración patrimonial, se establecen una serie de instancias a través de las cuales la comunidad local comienza a influir en la gestión integral de los componentes del sitio. De esta manera, los resultados de la investigación revelan una tendencia hacia una relación horizontal entre los distintos actores involucrados en el proceso de salvaguardia, desde un enfoque participacionista que contempla la participación de la comunidad local.
The regular drought episodes in South Africa highlight the need to reduce drought risk by both policy and local community actions. Environmental and socioeconomic factors in South Africa's ...agricultural system have been affected by drought in the past, creating cascading pressures on the nation's agro-economic and water supply systems. Therefore, understanding the key drivers of all risk components through a comprehensive risk assessment must be undertaken in order to inform proactive drought risk management. This paper presents, for the first time, a national drought risk assessment for irrigated and rainfed systems, that takes into account the complex interaction between different risk components. We use modeling and remote sensing approaches and involve national experts in selecting vulnerability indicators and providing information on human and natural drivers. Our results show that all municipalities have been affected by drought in the last 30 years. The years 1981–1982, 1992, 2016 and 2018 were marked as the driest years during the study period (1981–2018) compared to the reference period (1986–2015). In general, the irrigated systems are remarkably less often affected by drought than rainfed systems; however, most farmers on irrigated land are smallholders for whom drought impacts can be significant. The drought risk of rainfed agricultural systems is exceptionally high in the north, central and west of the country, while for irrigated systems, there are more separate high-risk hotspots across the country. The vulnerability assessment identified potential entry points for disaster risk reduction at the local municipality level, such as increasing environmental awareness, reducing land degradation and increasing total dam and irrigation capacity.
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•South Africa is highly susceptible to drought impacts on agriculture, given its high water reliance.•Drought risk varies substantially between irrigated and rainfed agricultural systems.•The most extreme drought for rainfed croplands is observed in Northern Cape, North West and Limpopo.•Highest drought risk on time series for irrigated crops is across Limpopo and Eastern Cape.•Our methodology to assess drought risk is transferable to other regions.
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