This paper presents the results of the proton irradiation of silicon photomulipliers (SiPMs) by mono-energetic 170 MeV protons with fluence up to 4.6×109 particles/cm2. In our work, three types of ...silicon photodetectors from Hamamatsu with areas 3×3 mm2 and different subpixel sizes of 25×25 μm2, 50×50 μm2, and 75×75 μm2 were used. The changes in the SiPM dark count rate (DCR) spectrum before and after irradiation in temperatures in the range of 20ˆC to −65ˆC are presented. The influence of the DCR changes on the energy resolution of the 662 keV gamma line from the 137Cs for a non-irradiated GAGG:Ce (1%) scintillator is investigated. The time period of usability of the SiPM detector irradiated by protons in cosmic space was estimated.
This paper presents the results of the fast neutron irradiation (En > 0.5 MeV) of an EJ-276 scintillator performed in the MARIA research reactor with fluence up to 5.3 × 1015 particles/cm2. In our ...work, four samples with size φ 25.4 mm × 5 mm were tested. The changes in the light yield, emission and absorption spectrum and neutron/gamma discrimination using PuBe source before and after irradiation are presented. The figure of merit in neutron/gamma discrimination based on the charge integration method for different neutron fluences and different short gate integration times are determined.
Abstract
This report presents a concept of constructing a detector
dedicated for detection of muons observed during measurements
carried out at the MPD (Multi-Purpose Detector) detector that is
...currently under construction at the NICA facility, Russia, Dubna. It
has been proposed to design and build an additional detector that
will complement the current MPD set and increase its measurement
capabilities. The main goal of this project is to provide
information from cosmic muons that pass the MPD detector in both
in-beam and off-beam experiments. Hence, the detector is called the
MPD COsmic Ray Detector (MCORD).The conceptual design of MCORD is
proposed by a Polish consortium NICA-PL comprising several Polish
scientific institutions.
The data from cosmic ray muons could be used as a trigger for
calibration of other detection systems comprising the MPD
detector. Large surface covered by the MCORD offers also possibility
for efficient registration of muons generated in expanding
atmospheric showers induced by distant sources. Moreover, beyond
some energy threshold, observation of muons originating from decays
of collision products will also be possible. In this report examples
of the MCORD functionality as a part of the MPD detector are
presented.
The MCORD is designed as a universal, fast triggering system built
as a modular reconfigurable construction. The detection system will
be based on plastic scintillators equipped with wavelength shifting
fibers, and silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) will be used for
scintillation readout. The online analysis of received signals will
be performed using digital FPGA modules. Due to the modular design,
the same system (its small part) can be used for both laboratory
testing of other MPD sub-detectors, and the calibration of these
detectors after placing them inside the MPD in off-beam mode. The
full detector will support these systems as an additional trigger,
calibrator, and muon identifier during the normal operation of the
MPD detector with the beam. Thanks to its unique construction, it
will expand the possibilities of collecting scientific data of the
MPD detector with astrophysical observations.
The publication will show the assumptions of the mechanical
structure and electronic systems of the planned detector. The
installation site of the detector as part of the MPD detector will
be described in detail. In the following, the results of simulations
made in preparation for this project will be presented. In
particular, simulations with the CORSIKA code present angular
distributions of particles in cosmic showers in the Dubna city
region. Since muons dominate the cosmic ray showers, the MPD
detector response to expected cosmic muon flux was also
simulated. The results provide information about the muon cut-off
thresholds depending on the MPD detector composition during the
installation campaign. Simulations of muon events that could be used
for MPD subsystems calibration were also performed. The results
shown for various configuration of MCORD detector modules will
enable the estimation of the time necessary to perform such tests in
the future.
Simulations with UrQMD model shows the muon abundances due to
beam-beam collisions. Approximately 90% of muons are created from
pions, whereas the number of muons that reach the MCORD detector is
10 times greater than the number of pions. The MPD detector response
was also simulated under the influence of a stream of various
particles, especially muons. It shows energy dependence of muon
transmission coefficient for MPD with and without ECal
assembled. Assuming requirement for muon transmission above 95%,
the muon cut-off thresholds are 1.6 GeV and 2.0 GeV, respectively.
MCORD detector performance evaluation is also reported. In the case
when we used scintillators with one fiber with a diameter of 1 mm,
the time resolution of about 1.0 ns was recorded, which corresponds
to the positional accuracy (σ
x
) of 7.1 cm. The results of
laboratory tests show that application of a 2 mm diameter WLS fiber
instead of the previously used 1 mm diameter fiber improves the
time resolution to 0.80 ns.
MCORD - MPD Cosmic Ray Detector a new features Bielewicz, M.; Milewicz-Zalewska, M.; Grodzicka-Kobylka, M. ...
EPJ Web of Conferences,
2019, Letnik:
204
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The main detector system at the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) located in Dubna, Russia is the Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD). For better calibration reason, the MPD needs an additional ...trigger system for an off-beam calibration of MPD sub-detectors and for rejection (veto) of cosmic muons. The system should also be useful for practical astrophysics observations of cosmic showers. The consortium NICA-PL group defines goals and basic assumptions for the MPD Cosmic Ray Detector (MCORD). This article describes the conceptual design and simulation plans of the MCORD detector based on plastic scintillators with SiPM photodetectors and electronic digital system based on the MicroTCA crate.
The last decade has increasingly seen the use of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) instead of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). This is due to various advantages of the former on the latter like its ...smaller size, lower operating voltage, higher detection efficiency, insensitivity to magnetic fields and mechanical robustness to launch vibrations. All these features make SiPMs ideal for use on space based experiments where the detectors require to be compact, lightweight and capable of surviving launch conditions. A downside with the use of this novel type of detector in space conditions is its susceptibility to radiation damage. In order to understand the lifetime of SiPMs in space, both the damage sustained due to radiation as well as the subsequent recovery, or annealing, from this damage have to be studied. Here we present these studies for three different types of SiPMs from the Hamamatsu S13360 series. Both their behaviour after sustaining radiation equivalent to 2 years in low earth orbit in a typical mission is presented, as well as the recovery of these detectors while stored in different conditions. The storage conditions varied in temperature as well as in operating voltage. The study found that the annealing depends significantly on the temperature of the detectors with those stored at high temperatures recovering significantly faster and at recovering closer to the original performance. Additionally, no significant effect from a reasonable bias voltage on the annealing was observed. Finally the annealing rate as a function of temperature is presented along with various operating strategies for the future SiPM based astrophysical detector POLAR-2 as well as for future SiPM based space borne missions.
Experimental research on light response of CsI:Tl, that was performed in the last 30 years, have shown that spectrometry parameters of this crystal are influenced by existence of slow scintillation ...components and could be improved by increasing the peaking time. In this study authors analysed and discussed the non-proportionality, number of photoelectrons and energy resolution (with their intrinsic, statistical and noise contributions) as a function of light pulse integration time (adequately to the peaking time known from analogue readouts). The study of light responses of CsI:Tl crystal after interaction with gamma radiation was performed by acquisition of raw single scintillation signals using a photomultiplier and a high class digital oscilloscope. The analysis was performed off-line using Python scripts. The crystal was excited using X-ray and gamma-ray sources with energies from 22 keV up to 835 keV at 293 K (＋20 °C). The data was processed with integration time up to 150μs, which was not achievable so far with analogue electronics commonly used in gamma-ray spectrometry with scintillation detectors. This study considers the problem of the energy resolution as good as other spectrometry parameters improvement using a digital light pulse processing.
Study of MPPC damage induced by neutrons Mianowski, S.; Baszak, J.; Gledenov, Y.M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/2018, Letnik:
906
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper presents the results of neutron irradiation of two types of Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC). The measurements were taken at the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Poland and ...the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Russia. Two types of neutron source were used: PuBe with a continuous energy spectrum up to 11 MeV, and mono-energetic 4.8 MeV neutrons produced in a (d,d) reaction. For both sources, fluence in the range of 1010 n/mm2 was achieved. A series of MPPC tests were performed after each irradiation. The changes in MPPC properties, such as current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, breakdown voltage and energy resolution of 662 keV from the 137Cs gamma line for a Gd3Al2.6Ga2.4O12:Ce (1%) scintillator as a function of neutron fluence are presented.
The light response of cesium iodide crystals was measured at temperatures of 303 K (30 °C) to 203 K (−70 °C) and for gamma sources with energies from 17 keV to 835 keV. Two different methods were ...used to determine the properties of the CsI:Tl crystals. The first used classic analogue spectrometry equipment to check the dependence of energy resolution, intrinsic resolution, and non-proportionality parameters as a variations in temperature, excitation energy, and integration time. The second method registered the light pulses from the PMT without integrating or shaping circuits. At the current stage of the research, the authors have decided to maintain the thesis about the existence of three decay components in CsI:Tl crystals that was employed in previous studies - the light pulse decays were analyzed under this assumption. We observed that the light pulses slowed with a decrease in temperature. When the crystals were cooled from 303 K to 203 K, the fitted decay times increased significantly by factors of two to four. The non-proportionality of the three fitted components was also determined and it was found that the first and second (fast and slow components) exhibited positive non-proportionality while the third (tail component) presented a negative trend for non-proportionality at temperatures of 303 K–203 K. It was found that using sufficiently long integration times, to include compensating trends of all decay components, the light response of CsI:Tl could be proportional.
Spectroscopic performance of 4 types of large detectors consisting of 3 different scintillators (LaBr 3 , NaI(Tl) and BGO) coupled to large MPPC array are presented. The measurements are made with ...S12642-1616PB-50(X) Hamamatsu TSV MPPC array having a 50x50 µm 2 cell size and effective active area of 48x48 mm 2 (16x16 channels). In all measurements the common readout of all channels is used. The results obtained with MPPC, such as energy resolution and linearity, are compared with measurements of the same crystals on classic photomultiplier. Also the possible optimization of data acquisition electronics is presented.
Evolution of spectroscopic properties of two types of Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC) during neutron irradiation is reported. In such experiments the change of MPPCs characteristics is a serious ...issue. A series of neutron irradiation tests were performed at the National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ, Poland) and Joined Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Russia). Two types of neutron sources were used: PuBe with continous energy spectrum up to 11 MeV and mono-energetic 4.8 MeV neutrons produced in (d,d) reaction. For both cases the fluence in the range of 10 10 n/cm 2 was achived.
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