This paper presents data from ring-shear and one-dimensional compression tests, which have been used to cause breakage under large shear strains and large compressive stresses respectively. A ...comparison of the behaviour of carbonate sand in monotonic shear and compression is reported, focusing on void collapse, grading properties and particle shape evolution. Trends in breakage behaviour under compression and under shear were similar; however, ultimate steady-state properties differed significantly. The higher effect of shear breakage was evident, in that the steady-state gradings for sheared material had higher fractal dimensions, indicating that the gradings were finer, and morphological changes in particle shape were more significant. Steady-state gradings tended to be multi-fractal in nature rather than mono-fractal, and showed that a unique monotonic steady-state grading does not exist. Two types of ring-shear device were compared, and the differences between the results highlighted a dependence of steady-state properties on test apparatus configuration.
In general, conventional superconductivity should not occur in a ferromagnet, though it has been seen in iron under pressure. Moreover, theory predicts that the current is always carried by pairs of ...electrons in a spin singlet state, so conventional superconductivity decays very rapidly when in contact with a ferromagnet, which normally prohibits the existence of singlet pairs. It has been predicted that this rapid spatial decay would not occur if spin triplet superconductivity could be induced in the ferromagnet. Here we report a Josephson supercurrent through the strong ferromagnet CrO2, from which we infer that it is a spin triplet supercurrent. Our experimental set-up is different from those envisaged in the earlier predictions, but we conclude that the underlying physical explanation for our result is a conversion from spin singlet pairs to spin triplets at the interface. The supercurrent can be switched with the direction of the magnetization, analogous to spin valve transistors, and therefore could enable magnetization-controlled Josephson junctions.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Highlights • The present study found that LXA4 alleviated neuropathic pain in our rat model. • LXA4 inhibited the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β). • LXA4 upregulated the ...expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1, IL-10). • LXA4 attenuated the activation of NF-κB/p65. • LXA4 inhibited the activation of p-ERK, p-JNK, but not p-p38.
Ecdysteroids play a critical role in coordinating insect growth, development and reproduction. A suite of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases coded by what are collectively termed Halloween genes mediate ...ecdysteroid biosynthesis. In this study, we describe cloning and RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated knockdown of the CYP307B1 Halloween gene (Spookiest) in the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus. Transcripts for Ly. hesperus Spookiest (LhSpot) were amplified from all life stages and correlated well with timing of the pre‐moult ecdysteroid pulse. In adults, LhSpot was amplified from heads of both genders as well as female reproductive tissues. Heterologous expression of a LhSpot fluorescent chimera in cultured insect cells co‐localized with a fluorescent marker of the endoplasmic reticulum/secretory pathway. RNAi‐mediated knockdown of LhSpot in fifth instars reduced expression of ecdysone‐responsive genes E74 and E75, and prevented adult development. This developmental defect was rescued following application of exogenous 20‐hydroxyecdysone but not exogenous 7‐dehydrocholesterol. The unequivocal RNAi effects on Ly. hesperus development and the phenotypic rescue by 20‐hydroxyecdysone are causal proof of the involvement of LhSpot in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and related developmental processes, and may provide an avenue for development of new control measures against Ly. hesperus.
In general, conventional superconductivity should not occur in a ferromagnet, though it has been seen in iron under pressure. Moreover, theory predicts that the current is always carried by pairs of ...electrons in a spin singlet state, so conventional superconductivity decays very rapidly when in contact with a ferromagnet, which normally prohibits the existence of singlet pairs. It has been predicted that this rapid spatial decay would not occur if spin triplet superconductivity could be induced in the ferromagnet. Here we report a Josephson supercurrent through the strong ferromagnet CrO2, from which we infer that it is a spin triplet supercurrent. Our experimental set-up is different from those envisaged in the earlier predictions, but we conclude that the underlying physical explanation for our result is a conversion from spin singlet pairs to spin triplets at the interface. The supercurrent can be switched with the direction of the magnetization, analogous to spin valve transistors, and therefore could enable magnetization-controlled Josephson junctions.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Aberrant functional connectivity within the default network is generally assumed to be involved in the pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD); however, the genetic risk of default ...network connectivity in OCD remains largely unknown.
Here, we systematically investigated default network connectivity in 15 OCD patients, 15 paired unaffected siblings and 28 healthy controls. We sought to examine the profiles of default network connectivity in OCD patients and their siblings, exploring the correlation between abnormal default network connectivity and genetic risk for this population.
Compared with healthy controls, OCD patients exhibited reduced strength of default network functional connectivity with the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and increased functional connectivity in the right inferior frontal lobe, insula, superior parietal cortex and superior temporal cortex, while their unaffected first-degree siblings only showed reduced local connectivity in the PCC.
These findings suggest that the disruptions of default network functional connectivity might be associated with family history of OCD. The decreased default network connectivity in both OCD patients and their unaffected siblings may serve as a potential marker of OCD.
Skin basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant skin tumor. Recent studies demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are implicated in tumorigenesis and may represent potential ...therapeutic targets. The aim of the present study was to explore the expression profiles of circRNAs and their role in skin BCC.
Three pairs of skin BCC tissues and adjacent tissues were used to perform a circRNA microarray for screening of circRNA expression profiles. Circ_NCKAP1 was selected as a target circRNA by RT-qPCR verification and bioinformatics analysis. The effect of circ_NCKAP1 knockdown on cell proliferation and apoptosis was assessed using CCK8 and Annexin V-FITC/PI assays, and its regulation over the miR-148b-5p/HSP90 axis was assessed by dual-luciferase reporter assay.
Circ_NCKAP1 was found to be significantly upregulated in skin BCC tissues (p<0.05). In vitro loss-of-function assays demonstrated that circ_NCKAP1 knockdown markedly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis (p<0.05). Moreover, Dual-Luciferase reporter assay identified that circ_NCKAP1 could bind to miR-148b-5p directly, and HSP90 was targeted by miR-148b-5p.
Circ_NCKAP1 can promote skin BCC progression by sponging the miR-148b-5p/HSP90 axis, and circ_NCKAP1 may be a potential target for skin BCC therapy.
We directly measured a spin diffusion length (lambdas) of 13.3 nm in amorphous organic semiconductor (OS) rubrene (C42H28) by spin polarized tunneling. In comparison, no spin-conserved transport has ...been reported in amorphous Si or Ge. Absence of dangling bond defects can explain the spin transport behavior in amorphous OS. Furthermore, when rubrene barriers were grown on a seed layer, the elastic tunneling characteristics were greatly enhanced. Based on our findings, lambdas in single-crystalline rubrene can be expected to reach even millimeters, showing the potential for organic spintronics development.
Herein, we report a one-pot approach to produce HMF from aquatic microalgae (
Chlorococcum
sp.) with a yield up to 48.0% under mild reaction conditions (200 °C, 2 h) over the commercial cheap H-ZSM-5 ...catalyst. Conversion of microalgae to HMF involved three steps: (1) degradation of microalgae to carbohydrates; (2) hydrolysis of polysaccharides to glucose and mannose; (3) their isomerization to fructose on Lewis acid sites and its further dehydration to HMF over Brønsted acid sites. Proteins and lipids in microalgal cells play an important role in stabilizing HMF in water. Ball-milling pretreatment or addition of another organic solvent enhanced the productivity of HMF from microalgae. Besides, this cheap H-ZSM-5 catalyst also demonstrated excellent stability, and a slight loss of its activity can be easily recovered by simple calcination treatment.
A high yield of HMF is directly obtained from aquatic microalgae over a commercial acidic zeolite under mild conditions. Experimental results reveal that proteins and lipids in microalgal cells benefit the HMF stability in water.
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