Wastewater analysis is an important area in analytical and environmental chemistry. It can be performed with both the classic wet methods and instrumental techniques. The development of new methods, ...and modification of the existing ones, constitute a major task for researchers. Ion chromatography plays a predominant role in ion determinations with the instrumental methods. It offers several advantages over the conventional methods, such as simultaneous determinations of alkali and alkaline earth cations and ammonia. Ammonium ions cannot be determined by spectroscopic methods. Ion chromatography has been accepted world-wide as a reference method for analyzing anions and cations in water and wastewater due to the fact that it enables the replacement of several individual wet chemistry methods for common ions with one instrumental technique. The following article describes the principles of ion chromatography, such as stationary phases, eluents, detectors, and sample preparation methods. Moreover, the applications of ion chromatography in wastewater analyses and international standards are presented.
Ion chromatography and related techniques have been the most popular separation methods used in the determination of organic and inorganic anions and cations, predominantly in water and wastewater ...samples. Making progress in their development and introducing new stationary phases, methods of detection and preparation of samples for analyses have given rise to the broadening of their analytical range. Nowadays, they are also used for substances that are not ionic by nature but can convert to such forms under certain conditions. These encompass, among others, carbohydrates, whose role and significance in humans’ lives and environment is invaluable. Their presence in the air is mostly due to the industrial burning of biomass for energy production purposes. In addition, the content of sugars in plants, fruits and vegetables, constituting the base of human diets, affects our health condition. Given that, there is not only a need for their determination by means of routine methods but also for searching for novel analytical solutions. Based on literature data from the past decade, this paper presents the possibilities and examples of applications regarding ion chromatography and related techniques for the determination of carbohydrates in environmental samples, biomass and plants constituting food or raw materials for food production. Attention has been paid to the virtues and limitations of the discussed separation methods in this respect. Moreover, perspectives on their development have been defined.
Ion chromatography is an analytical technique that has revolutionized analysis of inorganic and organic ions, and has changed analytical chemistry in dramatic ways during the past 30 years. Due to a ...strong environmental impact, metal ion determination and speciation have received significant attention in the last years. Acceptance of ion chromatography for anion analysis was very rapid, primarily because of lack of alternative methods that could quickly and accurately determine anions in a single analysis. However, the situation regarding the analysis of cations was quite different, as there are many fast and sensitive spectroscopic methods, as well as polarography and stripping voltammetry. This paper is a review of application of ion chromatography for the determination of inorganic cations of alkali, alkaline earth, ammonia, heavy and transition metals as well as lanthanides and actinides in environmental samples.
Ion chromatography is a well-established regulatory method for analyzing anions and cations in environmental, food and many other samples. It offers an enormous range of possibilities for selecting ...stationary and mobile phases. Additionally, it usually helps to solve various separation problems, particularly when it is combined with different detection techniques. Ion chromatography can also be used to determine many ions and substances in clinical and pharmaceutical samples. It provides: availability of high capacity stationary phases and sensitive detectors; simple sample preparation; avoidance of hazardous chemicals; decreased sample volumes; flexible reaction options on a changing sample matrix to be analyzed; or the option to operate a fully-automated system. This paper provides a short review of the ion chromatography applications for determining different inorganic and organic substances in clinical and pharmaceutical samples.
In recent years, the production of pellets derived from forestry biomass to replace coal for electricity generation has been increasing, with over 10 million tonnes traded internationally—primarily ...between United States and Europe but with an increasing trend to Asia. Critical to this trade is the classification of woody biomass as ‘renewable energy’ and thus eligible for public subsidies. However, much scientific study on the net effect of this trend suggests that it is having the opposite effect to that expected of renewable energy, by increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide for substantial periods of time. This review, based on recent work by Europe's Academies of Science, finds that current policies are failing to recognize that removing forest carbon stocks for bioenergy leads to an initial increase in emissions. Moreover, the periods during which atmospheric CO2 levels are raised before forest regrowth can reabsorb the excess emissions are incompatible with the urgency of reducing emissions to comply with the objectives enshrined in the Paris Agreement. We consider how current policy might be reformed to reduce negative impacts on climate and argue for a more realistic science‐based assessment of the potential of forest bioenergy in substituting for fossil fuels. The length of time atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase is highly dependent on the feedstocks and we argue for regulations to explicitly require these to be sources with short payback periods. Furthermore, we describe the current United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounting rules which allow imported biomass to be treated as zero emissions at the point of combustion and urge their revision to remove the risk of these providing incentives to import biomass with negative climate impacts. Reforms such as these would allow the industry to evolve to methods and scales which are more compatible with the basic purpose for which it was designed.
Trade in wood pellets from forestry biomass to replace coal for electricity generation is increasing dramatically. Critical to this trade is the classification of woody biomass as ‘renewable energy’ and thus eligible for public subsidies. However, scientific studies show that it is having the opposite effect and is increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide for substantial periods of time. We argue that EU regulations and the current United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounting, which both allow imported biomass to be treated as zero emissions at the point of combustion, should be revised to remove incentives to import biomass with negative climate impacts.
The chemical composition of bulk deposition is an important aspect of assessing ambient air pollution. It contributes significantly to the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere and their transfer ...to other ecosystems. Thus, it is a reliable determinant of environmental chemistry. Therefore, bulk deposition can be considered useful for tracking the migration path of substances from different sources. The aim of the study carried out at five measurement points in Zabrze and Bytom was to assess the content of selected physico-chemical parameters in bulk deposition. Samples were collected continuously from November 2019 to November 2020. In the collected samples the following were determined: COD, pH, conductivity, dissolved organic carbon, inorganic carbon and total carbon; inorganic anions (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NO2-, Br-, PO43-) and cations (Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+, NH4+), metals and metalloids (Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Fe), and carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, oxalic). The obtained test results were statistically processed using Excel, and the normality of data distribution was verified by Shapiro-Wilk test. The results show that pollutants transported in the atmosphere and introduced with precipitation in the Zabrze and Bytom areas are a significant source of area pollution of the region.
Water analysis is an important part of the chemical analysis of environmental samples. The development of new methods of water analysis and improvement of existing ones is a major task for analytical ...chemists. Analysis of common inorganic anions and cations in water is mandatory. Ion chromatography has almost replaced most of the wet chemical methods used in water analysis. The demands from regulators for justifiable analytical results and from laboratories for validated methods have led to necessity to standardize ion chromatography methods. The paper is a review of application of ion chromatography for the determination of inorganic anions (F
−
, Cl
−
, NO
2
−
, NO
3
−
, BrO
3
−
, ClO
2
−
, ClO
3
−
, PO
4
3−
, SO
3
2−
, SO
4
2−
, CrO
4
2−
, I
−
, SCN
−
, and S
2
O
3
2−
) and cations (Li
+
, Na
+
, NH
4
+
, K
+
, Mn
2+
, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
) in water and wastewater.
The optimization of methodology for determination and extraction of inorganic ionic As(III)/As(V), Cr(III)/Cr(VI) and Sb(III)/Sb(V) forms in water and easily-leached fractions of bottom sediments by ...HPLC–ICP-MS were studied. In paper total concentration of As, Cr, Sb, pH and redox potential were determined. Ions were successfully separated on Dionex IonPac AS7: As(III), As(V), Sb(III), Sb(V) and Dionex IonPac AG7: Cr(III), Cr(VI) with LOD 0.18μg/L, 0.22μg/L, 0.009μg/L, 0.012μg/L 0.11μg/L, 0.17μg/L, respectively. Water and bottom sediments samples were collected monthly from Pławniowice Reservoir, in three-point transects between March and December 2012. In the bottom water predominated As(III) and Cr(III) forms and the highest content of Cr(III) was in the water flowing into the Pławniowice Reservoir. Concentration of Cr(VI) increased in the bottom water in the spring and summer (April–July), while decreasing of the Cr(III) content was associated with the release of Cr(VI) from sediment into the water. Studies have shown that antimony accumulates in reservoir sediments and its reduced form was predominated except May and October–November period when high concentrations of Sb(V) was present. In contrast As(V) was the predominant arsenic form in bottom sediments.
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•Inorganic As, Cr, Sb ions were separated and quantified using HPLC–ICP-MS technique.•First time As and Sb inorganic ions were separated on an Dionex IonPac AS7 separation column.•Study of total and ionic forms of As, Cr and Sb had been validated on the CRMs.•Spatial and temporal distribution in bottom waters and sediments were study in Pławniowice Reservoir, Poland.•There was high levels of Sb(III), Cr(III) and As(V) concentration in sediments and Cr(VI) in water.
Due to the increased environmental awareness, green chemistry becomes an important element of environmental protection. Unfortunately, it generate specific environmental costs, which are related to ...the use of toxic chemical reagents and waste generation. The most frequently determined analytes include inorganic and organic anions and cations. The methods used so far for their analysis in water, sewage and various other types of samples are increasingly being replaced by ion chromatography methods. This paper presents the most important advantages and limitations of ion chromatography in the context of “green analytical chemistry.” The progress of ion chromatography in gradient and isocratic elution, capillary and multidimensional ion chromatography, as well as miniaturization and methods of sample preparation for analysis, which allow to classify this technique as green analytical chemistry, are described.
Major Inorganic Ions in Polish Beers MICHALSKI, Rajmund; MUNTEAN, Edward; ŁYKO, Aleksandra
Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology,
05/2021, Letnik:
78, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Reliable determination of various components of beers is still a challenge due to their complex matrices. Inorganic ions are very important components of beer; their content depends mainly on the ...quality of water and additional substances used in the brewing process. The major inorganic anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-) and cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) were determined using isocratic ion chromatography with conductivity detection. Method optimization involved six ion-exchange columns; different eluent concentration and flow rates were tested. Optimized methodologies allowed for quick, selective and reliable analysis of these ions in 30 beers available on the Polish market. They were characterized by pH values from 3.19 to 4.64, and conductivity from 1632 to 2662 µS/cm. The content of inorganic anions ranged from 0.2 - 1.1 mg/L for F-; 8 - 235 mg/L for Cl-; NO2- < LOD; 7 - 22 mg/L for NO3-; 44 - 188 mg/L for PO43-, and 10 - 95 mg/L for SO42-. In case of cations, it was 10 - 93 mg/L for Na+; 87 - 329 mg/L for K+; 54 - 329 mg/L for Mg2+, and 10-89 mg/L Ca2+. PCA Principal Component Analysis helped in establishing similarities between the analyzed samples.
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