Measuring Social Value Orientation Handgraaf, Michel J. J; Murphy, Ryan O; Ackerman, Kurt A
Judgment and Decision Making,
12/2011, Letnik:
6, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Narrow self-interest is often used as a simplifying assumption when studying people making decisions in social contexts. theless, people exhibit a wide range of different motivations when choosing ...unilaterally among interdependent outcomes. Measuring the magnitude of the concern people have for others, sometimes called Social Value Orientation (SVO), has been an interest of many social scientists for decades and several different measurement methods have been developed so far. Here we introduce a new measure of SVO that has several advantages over existent methods. A detailed description of the new measurement method is presented, along with norming data that provide evidence of its solid psychometric properties. We conclude with a brief discussion of the research streams that would benefit from a more sensitive and higher resolution measure of SVO, and extend an invitation to others to use this new measure which is freely available.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Highlights ► Quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) abnormality indices sensitive to power of slow relative to faster activity, or to interhemispheric asymmetry, can uniquely inform clinical ...prognoses and management during (sub-)acute ischaemic stroke. ► Continuous bedside monitoring of these QEEG indices during thrombolytic therapy may instantaneously inform clinicians about the efficacy of same and thereby inform decisions about “bridging” protocols involving intra-arterial interventions. ► Current clinical EEG systems compute and display various QEEG indices, facilitating non-expert EEG interpretation. Hence wider utilisation of such technology appears warranted and would address a key stroke management objective proposed by numerous stroke opinion leaders.
Background and purpose
Post‐viral olfactory dysfunction is well established and has been shown to be a key symptom of COVID‐19 with more than 66% of European and US patients reporting some degree of ...loss of smell. Persistent olfactory dysfunction appears to be commonplace and will drive the demand for general practitioner, otolaryngology or neurology consultation in the next few months – evidence regarding recovery will be essential in counselling our patients.
Methods
This was a prospective survey‐based data collection and telemedicine follow‐up.
Results
In total, 751 patients completed the study, of whom 477 were females and 274 males. The mean age of the patients was 41 ± 13 years (range 18–60). There were 621 patients (83%) who subjectively reported a total loss of smell and 130 (17%) a partial loss. After a mean follow‐up of 47 ± 7 days (range 30–71) from the first consultation, 277 (37%) patients still reported a persistent subjective loss of smell, 107 (14%) reported partial recovery and 367 (49%) reported complete recovery. The mean duration of the olfactory dysfunction was 10 ± 6 days (range 3–31) in those patients who completely recovered and 12 ± 8 days (range 7–35) in those patients who partially recovered.
Conclusions
According to our results, at this relatively early point in the pandemic, subjective patterns of recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients are valuable for our patients, for hypothesis generation and for treatment development.
Since the 1990s, a growing body of research has sought to quantify the relationship between women’s representation in leadership positions and organizational financial performance. Commonly known as ...the “business case” for women’s leadership, the idea is that having more women leaders is good for business. Through meta-analysis (k = 78, n = 117,639 organizations) of the direct effects of women’s representation in leadership (as CEOs, on top management teams, and on boards of directors) on financial performance, and tests that proxy theoretical arguments for moderated relationships, we call attention to equivocal findings. Our results suggest women’s leadership may affect firm performance in general and sales performance in particular. And women’s leadership—overall and, specifically, the presence of a female CEO—is more likely to positively relate to firms’ financial performance in more gender egalitarian cultures. Yet taking our findings as a whole, we argue that commonly used methods of testing the business case for women leaders may limit our ability as scholars to understand the value that women bring to leadership positions. We do not advocate that the business case be abandoned altogether but, rather, improved and refined. We name exemplary research studies to show how different perspectives on gender, alternative conceptualizations of value, and the specification of underlying mechanisms linking leadership to performance can generate changes in both the dominant ontology and the epistemology underlying this body of research.
Mucositis, also referred to as mucosal barrier injury, is one of the most debilitating side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment. Clinically, mucositis is associated with pain, ...bacteremia, and malnutrition. Furthermore, mucositis is a frequent reason to postpone chemotherapy treatment, ultimately leading towards a higher mortality in cancer patients. According to the model introduced by Sonis, both inflammation and apoptosis of the mucosal barrier result in its discontinuity, thereby promoting bacterial translocation. According to this five-phase model, the intestinal microbiota plays no role in the pathophysiology of mucositis. However, research has implicated a prominent role for the commensal intestinal microbiota in the development of several inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, pouchitis, and radiotherapy-induced diarrhea. Furthermore, chemotherapeutics have a detrimental effect on the intestinal microbial composition (strongly decreasing the numbers of anaerobic bacteria), coinciding in time with the development of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. We hypothesize that the commensal intestinal microbiota might play a pivotal role in chemotherapy-induced mucositis. In this review, we propose and discuss five pathways in the development of mucositis that are potentially influenced by the commensal intestinal microbiota: 1) the inflammatory process and oxidative stress, 2) intestinal permeability, 3) the composition of the mucus layer, 4) the resistance to harmful stimuli and epithelial repair mechanisms, and 5) the activation and release of immune effector molecules. Via these pathways, the commensal intestinal microbiota might influence all phases in the Sonis model of the pathogenesis of mucositis. Further research is needed to show the clinical relevance of restoring dysbiosis, thereby possibly decreasing the degree of intestinal mucositis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: a comprehensive review Massaad, Michel J.; Ramesh, Narayanaswamy; Geha, Raif S.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
20/May , Letnik:
1285, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X‐linked primary immunodeficiency characterized by microthrombocytopenia, eczema, recurrent infections, and an increased incidence of autoimmunity and ...malignancies. The disease is caused by mutations in the WAS gene expressed exclusively in hematopoietic cells. WAS protein (WASp) is a multidomain protein that exists in complex with several partners that play important roles in its function. WASp belongs to a family of proteins that relay signals from the surface of the cell to the actin cytoskeleton. Mutations in the WAS gene have various effects on the level of WASp, which, in turn, correlates with the severity of the disease. In addition to WAS, mutations in the WAS gene can result in the mild variant X‐linked thrombocytopenia, or in X‐linked neutropenia, characterized by neutropenia with myelodysplasia. The absence of functional WASp leads to a severe clinical phenotype that can result in death if not diagnosed and treated early in life. The treatment of choice with the best outcome is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, preferably from a matched related donor.
Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) measured in blood plasma has recently been proposed as an accessible, scalable, and highly specific biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Longitudinal ...studies, however, investigating the temporal dynamics of this novel biomarker are lacking. It is therefore unclear when in the disease process plasma p-tau181 increases above physiological levels and how it relates to the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer's disease characteristic pathologies. We aimed to establish the natural time course of plasma p-tau181 across the sporadic Alzheimer's disease spectrum in comparison to those of established imaging and fluid-derived biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. We examined longitudinal data from a large prospective cohort of elderly individuals enrolled in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (n = 1067) covering a wide clinical spectrum from normal cognition to dementia, and with measures of plasma p-tau181 and an 18F-florbetapir amyloid-β PET scan at baseline. A subset of participants (n = 864) also had measures of amyloid-β1-42 and p-tau181 levels in CSF, and another subset (n = 298) had undergone an 18F-flortaucipir tau PET scan 6 years later. We performed brain-wide analyses to investigate the associations of plasma p-tau181 baseline levels and longitudinal change with progression of regional amyloid-β pathology and tau burden 6 years later, and estimated the time course of changes in plasma p-tau181 and other Alzheimer's disease biomarkers using a previously developed method for the construction of long-term biomarker temporal trajectories using shorter-term longitudinal data. Smoothing splines demonstrated that earliest plasma p-tau181 changes occurred even before amyloid-β markers reached abnormal levels, with greater rates of change correlating with increased amyloid-β pathology. Voxel-wise PET analyses yielded relatively weak, yet significant, associations of plasma p-tau181 with amyloid-β pathology in early accumulating brain regions in cognitively healthy individuals, while the strongest associations with amyloid-β were observed in late accumulating regions in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Cross-sectional and particularly longitudinal measures of plasma p-tau181 were associated with widespread cortical tau aggregation 6 years later, covering temporoparietal regions typical for neurofibrillary tangle distribution in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we estimated that plasma p-tau181 reaches abnormal levels ∼6.5 and 5.7 years after CSF and PET measures of amyloid-β, respectively, following similar dynamics as CSF p-tau181. Our findings suggest that plasma p-tau181 increases are associated with the presence of widespread cortical amyloid-β pathology and with prospective Alzheimer's disease typical tau aggregation, providing clear implications for the use of this novel blood biomarker as a diagnostic and screening tool for Alzheimer's disease.
It is not clear to which degree limbic TDP-43 pathology associates with a cholinergic deficit in the absence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology.
Replicate and extend recent evidence on cholinergic ...basal forebrain atrophy in limbic TDP-43 and evaluate MRI based patterns of atrophy as a surrogate marker for TDP-43.
We studied ante-mortem MRI data of 11 autopsy cases with limbic TDP-43 pathology, 47 cases with AD pathology, and 26 mixed AD/TDP-43 cases from the ADNI autopsy sample, and 17 TDP-43, 170 AD, and 58 mixed AD/TDP-43 cases from the NACC autopsy sample. Group differences in basal forebrain and other brain volumes of interest were assessed using Bayesian ANCOVA. We assessed the diagnostic utility of MRI based patterns of brain atrophy using voxel-based receiver operating characteristics and random forest analyses.
In the NACC sample, we found moderate evidence for the absence of a difference in basal forebrain volumes between AD, TDP-43, and mixed pathologies (Bayes factor(BF)10 = 0.324), and very strong evidence for lower hippocampus volume in TDP-43 and mixed cases compared with AD cases (BF10 = 156.1). The ratio of temporal to hippocampus volume reached an AUC of 75% for separating pure TDP-43 from pure AD cases. Random-forest analysis between TDP-43, AD, and mixed pathology reached only a multiclass AUC of 0.63 based on hippocampus, middle-inferior temporal gyrus, and amygdala volumes. Findings in the ADNI sample were consistent with these results.
A comparable degree of basal forebrain atrophy in pure TDP-43 cases compared to AD cases encourages studies on the effect of cholinergic treatment in amnestic dementia due to TDP-43. A distinct pattern of temporo-limbic brain atrophy may serve as a surrogate marker to enrich samples in clinical trials for the presence of TDP-43 pathology.
•Limbic TDP-43 has been found as underlying pathology in cases of amnestic dementia.•A cholinergic deficit in limbic TDP-43 pathology is still unresolved.•We confirm atrophy of the cholinergic basal forebrain in limbic TDP-43.•We report a MRI signature to identify people with limbic TDP-43 pathology.•Results were cross-validated across two independent autopsy cohorts.
Summary
Objective
Electrographic status epilepticus is observed in 10–35% of patients with postanoxic encephalopathy. It remains unclear which electrographic seizure patterns indicate possible ...recovery, and which are a mere reflection of severe ischemic encephalopathy, where treatment would be futile. We aimed to identify quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) features with prognostic significance.
Methods
From continuous EEG recordings of 47 patients with generalized electrographic status epilepticus after cardiac arrest, 5‐min epochs were selected every hour. Epochs were visually assessed and categorized into seven categories, including epileptiform discharges. Five quantitative measures were extracted, reflecting background continuity, discharge frequency, discharge periodicity, relative discharge power, and interdischarge waveform correlation. The best achieved outcome within 6 months after cardiac arrest was categorized as “good” (Cerebral Performance Category 1–2, i.e., no or moderate neurologic disability) or “poor” (CPC 3–5, i.e., severe disability, coma, or death).
Results
Ten patients (22%) had a good outcome. Status epilepticus in patients with good outcome started later (45 vs. 29 h after cardiac arrest, p < 0.001), more often ceased for at least 12 h (90% vs. 16%, p = 0.02), and was less often treated with antiepileptic drugs (30% vs. 73%, p = 0.02). Status epilepticus in patients with a good outcome always evolved from a continuous background pattern, as opposed to evolution from a discontinuous background pattern in 14 patients (38%) with a poor outcome. Epileptiform patterns of patients with good outcome had higher background continuity (1.00 vs. 0.83, p < 0.001), higher discharge frequency (1.63 vs. 0.90 Hz, p = 0.002), lower relative discharge power (0.29 vs. 0.40, p = 0.01), and lower discharge periodicity (0.32 vs. 0.45, p = 0.04).
Significance
Our results can be used to identify patients with possible recovery. We speculate that quantitative features associated with poor outcome reflect low neural network complexity, resulting from extensive ischemic damage.
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