Phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and economical technology in which plants are used for the removal of contaminants presents in the urban and rural environment. One of the challenges of the ...technique is the proper destination of the biomass of plants. In this context, the use of ornamental plants in areas under contamination treatment improves landscape, serving as a tourist option and source of income with high added value. In addition to their high stress tolerance, rapid growth, high biomass production, and good root development, ornamental species are not intended for animal and human food consumption, avoiding the introduction of contaminants into the food web in addition to improving the environments with aesthetic value. Furthermore, ornamental plants provide multiple ecosystem services, and promote human well-being, while contributing to the conservation of biodiversity. In this review, we summarized the main uses of ornamental plants in phytoremediation of contaminated soil, air, and water. We discuss the potential use of ornamental plants in constructed buffer strips aiming to mitigate the contamination of agricultural lands occurring in the vicinity of sources of contaminants. Moreover, we underlie the ecological and health benefits of the use of ornamental plants in urban and rural landscape projects. This study is expected to draw attention to a promising decontamination technology combined with the beautification of urban and rural areas as well as a possible alternative source of income and diversification in horticultural production.
Graphical abstract
ABSTRACT Campomanesia rufa (O. Berg) Nied. is a Myrtaceae species native to the Brazilian Cerrado. As C. rufa is considered endangered, in vitro propagation is an alternative for its conservation. ...However, the lack of effective disinfection protocols for endophytic microorganisms naturally present in plant tissues hinders the success of micropropagation. In this context, the objective of this study was to isolate, molecular identify, and control endogenous occurring bacteria of C. rufa propagated in vitro. Purified PCR products of bacterial isolates were sequenced by the Sanger method and aligned with homologous sequences using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) available in National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. MEGA7 software was used to align all sequences and to draw phylogenetic trees. Survival, shoot height, and efficiency of antibiotics (streptomycin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol) at different concentrations in the culture medium were evaluated. Different Bacillus sp. strains were observed in the plant tissues. When testing the control of Bacillus sp. with antibiotics, 32 mg L-1 ampicillin caused a significant reduction in bacterial contamination with no effect on explant survival. On the other hand, 256 mg L-1 streptomycin caused the greatest reduction in contamination but was lethal to over 90% of the explants. This study is the first report on the occurrence of endogenous bacteria and their control in the context of in vitro native species conservation.
RESUMO Campomanesia rufa (O. Berg) Nied. é uma espécie mirtácea nativa do Cerrado brasileiro. Considerada uma espécie ameaçada de extinção, a propagação in vitro de C. rufa apresenta-se como uma alternativa para sua conservação. No entanto, a falta de protocolos eficazes para a desinfecção de microrganismos endofíticos naturalmente presentes nos tecidos vegetais dificulta o sucesso da micropropagação. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento, a identificação molecular e o controle de bactérias endógenas de C. rufa propagadas in vitro. Produtos de PCR purificados dos isolados bacterianos foram sequenciados pelo método de Sanger. As sequências obtidas foram alinhadas com sequências homólogas usando Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) disponível na National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). As sequências obtidas neste estudo e as sequências homólogas listadas no GenBank foram alinhadas usando o software MEGA7 para elaborar árvores filogenéticas. Avaliaram-se a sobrevivência, a altura da parte aérea e a eficiência de antibióticos (estreptomicina, ampicilina e cloranfenicol) em diferentes concentrações no meio de cultura. A ocorrência de diferentes cepas de Bacillus sp. foi observada nos tecidos vegetais. Ao testar o controle de Bacillus sp. com antibióticos, o uso de 32 mg L-1 de ampicilina causou uma redução significativa na contaminação bacteriana sem afetar a sobrevivência do explante. Por outro lado, o uso de 256 mg L-1 de estreptomicina causou a maior redução na contaminação, embora esta concentração tenha sido letal para mais de 90% dos explantes. Este estudo é o primeiro relato sobre a ocorrência de bactérias endógenas e seu controle no contexto da conservação in vitro de espécies nativas.
Abstract With the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, different areas were affected, with positive or negative effects, as a function of the conditions imposed above all by gardening activities. ...This brought effects on the production of ornamental plants. In this context, the objective of this study was to analyse the situation of production, commercialization and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ornamental plants market in the city of Dona Euzébia-MG. A questionnaire with objective and discursive questions was applied to the city producers (30). The production of seedlings in Dona Euzébia is economically and socially important. Most producers have properties with 5 hectares, are in activity for a range of 5 to 19 years and have between 2 to 5 employees. With the onset of the pandemic, the market for seedlings and ornamental plants in Dona Euzébia was positively modified, with an increase in plant sales, which led to changes in production and in the sales process. During the period, producers took all measures to prevent the spread of the virus. The interviews showed that ornamental plants were among the main species cultivated and among the most sought during the pandemic period analyzed in this study. Furthermore, despite the restrictions and the uncertain scenario, there is optimism among producers, especially in terms of post-pandemic sales.
Resumo Com o surgimento da pandemia do COVID-19 os mercados das mais diferentes áreas foram atingidos, positivamente ou negativamente. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a situação de produção, comercialização e o impacto da pandemia do COVID-19 sobre o mercado de plantas ornamentais da cidade de Dona Euzébia-MG. Diante disto um questionário com perguntas objetivas e discursivas, foi aplicado aos (30) produtores da cidade. A maioria dos produtores possui propriedades com 5 hectares, estão em atividade no intervalo de 5 a 19 anos e possuem entre 2 a 5 funcionários. Com o surgimento da pandemia, o mercado de mudas e plantas ornamentais em Dona Euzébia foi modificado positivamente, sendo relatado o aumento na comercialização de plantas, o que gerou alterações na produção e no processo de vendas. Durante o período, os produtores adotaram todas as medidas de prevenção contra a disseminação do vírus. As entrevistas mostraram que as plantas ornamentais estavam entre as principais espécies cultivadas e entre as mais procuradas durante o período de pandemia em que este trabalho analisou. Além disso, apesar das restrições e do cenário de incertezas, há um otimismo dos produtores do município especialmente nas vendas pós pandemia.
Each species cultured in vitro has specific nutritional requirements on the culture medium. The use of silicon in culture can provide benefits to plants, such as increase of tolerance to water ...stress, increase of photosynthetic capacity and reduction in transpiration. These effects may be quite relevant for in vitro growth and development of plant and during acclimatization. However, the effectiveness of this nutrient may vary depending on the used sources. The aim of this study was to verify the ideal concentration of the MS culture medium and to evaluate the to evaluate the different sources as well as the function of silicon for in vitro development and acclimatization of gerbera plantlets. Shoots (4–6 cm) of gerbera (
Gerbera jamesonii
cv. Jaguar Cream) cultured in vitro were inoculated in MS medium with different concentrations of salts (MS ¼, MS ½, MS ¾, MS) supplemented with different silicon sources (potassium silicate, sodium silicate, calcium silicate and silicic acid) at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg L
−1
. The use of MS ¼ medium and the supplementation of 0.25 g L
−1
calcium silicate provided better shoot development. The acclimatization rate was not affected by the origin of plants treated in vitro by different silicon sources, their concentrations, and the used culture medium. Thus, the use of silicon is beneficial for in vitro development of gerberas, however, the effectiveness depends on the used source.
Key message
In vitro shoots of
Gerbera jamesonii
cv. Jaguar Cream regenerate better, shoots are taller and healthier, and root more effectively when are cultured on MS 1/4 supplemented with 0.25 mg L
−1
calcium silicate.
The ultimate success of micropropagation and the commercial viability of this technique depend not only on the number of regenerated seedlings but also on the ability to transfer them to an
ex vitro
...environment at a large scale with high survival rates. In this context, the aim of this study was to achieve
ex vitro
establishment and to evaluate the morpho-anatomical changes and antioxidant enzyme activity that occurred during the acclimatization of
Genipa americana
L. seedlings. Shoot rooted in vitro were transferred to peat and vermiculite substrate and were maintained in a growth room under a controlled temperature of 25 ± 2 °C and a photosynthetic photon flux density of 67 μmol m
−2
s
−1
. After 14 days of acclimatization in the growth room, the plants were transferred to a greenhouse with 70% shading. At 0 (corresponding to the in vitro phase), 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the transfer to
ex vitro
conditions, growth and antioxidant enzyme activity were analyzed. After 30 days of acclimatization, 90% seedling survival was observed. The results reflect the high phenotypic plasticity of this species and morphological and physiological changes such as the emergence of new leaves, the increase in chlorophyll content, the stomata assuming an elliptical shape, the root survival in vitro and the stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes, which ensured continuous plant growth and acclimatization, leading to continuous growth and a high survival rate (90%) after acclimatization.
Abstract
Urban green spaces (UGSs) are fragments of city vegetation capable of providing numerous benefits, which can be measured through indices. However, even though public green spaces (PGSs) are ...accounted for in such indices as areas that can generate positive impacts, private green spaces (PrGSs) are not considered. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact and feasibility of the inclusion of limited-access green spaces (LAGSs—a type of PrGS—in green area index (GAI) and green space ratio (GSR) calculations, within the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, as a model. By employing geotechnologies, private squares and spaces were identified. On-site visits were employed to determine the functions (aesthetic, ecological, and/or leisure) of such spaces. For LAGSs, only those with an index higher than 50% permeability were included. The calculated indices for PGSs are as follows: PGS index (PGSI) = 0.53 m2/inhabitant, PGS ratio (PGSR) = 0.27%, and total green space (TGS) = 62,067 m2. Taking LAGSs into account, the indices are as follows: LAGS index (LAGSI) = 3.76 m2/inhabitant, LAGS ratio (LAGSR) = 1.92%, and TGS = 443,309.03 m2. The results of the analyses carried out in this study allow us to conclude that LAGSs contribute significantly to the increase in the GAI and GSR in Lavras and, therefore, to the city's environmental quality. Such spaces surpass, in extension, those of the public domain and should be included in UGS calculations when assessing the green infrastructure of cities.
Practical Applications
Urban green spaces (UGSs) can be public (allowing all citizens access) or private (in which there is a restriction on who can use them). In consequence, only public areas are inserted in the UGS quantity calculations and other indicators since it is assumed that they are the only areas able to provide some benefits, such as leisure. Aiming to prove that, based on some criteria, it is feasible inserting private green areas in the urban green quantification indexes according to their provided benefits, even in a restricted manner, this research surveyed qualitative and quantitative limited-access green spaces (such as schools, clubs, religious institutions, among others) using a city as a model. It was verified that the insertion is feasible, positively impacting the indexes, meaning that these spaces are larger than the public ones considering their extension. Despite this positive aspect, such places play different functions in their population. On one side, the private ones, due to being extensively vegetated, play a mainly environmental role, needing to be protected and preserved, while the public ones promote a higher social and cultural interaction due to their open access.
With the advancement of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are beginning to be employed in different areas of science, including plant tissue culture. Among nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are ...widely used because of their antibacterial effects. However, knowledge about the effects of AgNPs on in vitro cultivation of plant species is poor. The present study aims to analyse the effects of AgNPs on the in vitro propagation of
Campomanesia rufa
. Nodal segments were sectioned and cultured in MS medium to induce buds. The MS medium was supplemented with benzylaminopurine, different concentrations of AgNPs or AgNO
3
. AgNPs were synthesized and characterized as a function of time. The shoots were analysed for number, height and fresh weight. Biochemical and light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were also performed. Data from the characterization of AgNPs demonstrate that the heating process for sterilization of the culture medium promotes an agglomeration of AgNPs. The lowest concentrations AgNPs (0.385, 0.77 and 1.54 mg L
−1
) did not affect the in vitro multiplication, since no significant differences were observed in relation to the control, as for the number, height and fresh weight of the shoots formed, however, in the treatments with 15.4 mg L
−1
AgNPs and AgNO
3
, a reduction in the number of shoots was observed. No biochemical, morphological or anatomical changes were observed in the shoots formed. Concludes, AgNPs did not affect the in vitro multiplication at low concentrations but may cause more damage to plant development than the use of AgNO
3,
depending on the concentration used.
Key message
This manuscript reports that silver nanoparticles not affect the in vitro multiplication of
Campomanesia rufa
, and the results are important because explain the behavior of AgNPs under high temperatures.
The propagation of strelitzia plants can be carried out in vitro as an alternative to combine the aseptic conditions of the culture medium with the use of strategies to promote germination and ...controlled abiotic conditions. However, this technique is still limited by the prolonged time and low percentage of seed germination, which is the most viable explant source, due to dormancy. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and physical scarification processes of seeds combined with gibberellic acid (GA3), as well as the effect of graphene oxide in the in vitro cultivation of strelitzia plants. Seeds were subjected to chemical scarification with sulfuric acid for different periods (10 to 60 min) and physical scarification (sandpaper), in addition to a control treatment without scarification. After disinfection, the seeds were inoculated in MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium with 30 g L−1 sucrose, 0.4 g L−1 PVPP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), 2.5 g L−1 Phytagel®, and GA3 at different concentrations. Growth data and antioxidant system responses were measured from the formed seedlings. In another experiment, the seeds were cultivated in vitro in the presence of graphene oxide at different concentrations. The results showed that the highest germination was observed in seeds scarified with sulfuric acid for 30 and 40 min, regardless of the addition of GA3. After 60 days of in vitro cultivation, physical scarification and scarification time with sulfuric acid promoted greater shoot and root length. The highest seedling survival was observed when the seeds were immersed for 30 min (86.66%) and 40 min (80%) in sulfuric acid without GA3. The concentration of 50 mg L−1 graphene oxide favored rhizome growth, while the concentration of 100 mg L−1 favored shoot growth. Regarding the biochemical data, the different concentrations did not influence MDA (Malondialdehyde) levels, but caused fluctuations in antioxidant enzyme activities.
Cryopreservation of Genipa americana seeds Souza, Rafaela Ribeiro de; Paiva, Patrícia Duarte de Oliveira; Freitas, Rodrigo Therezan de ...
Ciência Agronômica/Revista ciência agronômica,
01/2023, Letnik:
54
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
ABSTRACT Genipa americana L. is a forest species of high socioeconomic potential. However, predatory extractivism actions threaten its existence, making it necessary to adopt conservationist ...practices. G. americana seeds show sensitivity to desiccation and cooling, making it unfeasible for conservation by conventional methods. Thus, cryopreservation is an promising alternative for the long-term conservation of species that produce unorthodox seeds, such as the genipap. In this sense, the objective was to cryopreservation of seeds of G. americana and to evaluate the effects of desiccation and freezing on germination and establishment of seedlings. Initially, seeds were dehydrated in silica gel 0, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 h, and then were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (LN) (-196 °C) during 24 h. After thawing, the viability and germination were analyzed. Dehydrated and non-cryopreserved seeds were also analyzed. The silica gel desiccation caused a reduction in viability and germination of the seeds of G. americana. The initial seed water content was so high (47%) that storage in LN (+LN) without prior dehydration treatment resulted in seed mortality. It was verified that, the dehydration in silica gel for the minimum time 20 h (corresponding to 14% water content) provides greater freezing tolerance, allowing the successful cryopreservation. Silica gel dehydration followed by immersion in LN was shown to be highly efficient for cryopreservation of seeds of G. americana, besides germinatio after thawing, high survival rates (100%) were obtained, with growth and normal establishment of the seedlings after acclimatization.
Genipa americana
L. is a species with high economic potential with considerable promise in the fruit, medicinal and agroindustrial fields. The in vitro cultivation of genipapo is an alternative that ...may overcome the difficulties imposed by the traditional propagation system, allowing the multiplication of plants on a large scale and using technologies in conservation programs and to improve phytopharmaceutical production. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the morphogenetic potentials of different sources of explants to establish an efficient system for in vitro regeneration of
G. americana
. For callus induction, shoots differentiation and further plant regeneration, segments of hypocotyl, root and leaf from in vitro established seedlings were used. The explants were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at concentrations of 0.0, 1.12, 2.25 and 3.37 mg L
−1
. The morphogenetic pattern and regeneration capacity showed correlations with the explant source and BAP concentration. MS medium supplemented with 1.12 mg L
−1
BAP proved to be optimum for adventitious shoots induction in segments hypocotyl. It was possible to obtain a efficient protocol for the in vitro regeneration of
G. americana
that allowed high shoot regeneration rates (80%) using hypocotyl segments with low concentrations of BAP (1.12 mg L
−1
). The regenerated plantlets showed a high capacity for acclimatization, presenting 90% survival rate 30 days after exposure to the ex vitro conditions.
