We examine the uncertainty of the calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux due to the uncertainty in the hadronic interaction, and present a way to reduce it using accurately measured atmospheric ...muon flux. Considering the difference in the hadronic interaction model and the real one as a variation of hadronic interaction, we find a quantitative estimation method for the error of the atmospheric neutrino flux calculation from the reconstruction residual of the atmospheric muon flux observed in a precision experiment. However, the relation of the calculation error of the neutrino flux and the reconstruction residual of the muon flux is largely dependent on the atmospheric muon observation site, especially for the low energy neutrinos. We study the relation at several observation sites, near Kamioka at sea level, same but 2770 m a.s.l., Hanle India (4500 m a.s.l.), and at Balloon altitude ( ∼ 32 km ). Then, we estimate how stringently the atmospheric muon can reduce the calculation error of the atmospheric neutrino flux. We also discuss briefly on the source of error which is considered to be difficult to reduce only by the atmospheric muon data.
We present the calculation of the atmospheric neutrino fluxes for the neutrino experiments proposed at INO, South Pole and Pyhäsalmi. Neutrino fluxes have been obtained using ATMNC, a simulation code ...for cosmic ray in the atmosphere. Even using the same primary flux model and the interaction model, the calculated atmospheric neutrino fluxes are different for the different sites due to the geomagnetic field. The prediction of these fluxes in the present Letter would be quite useful in the experimental analysis.
We present a simplified method to simulate strong ground motion for a realistic representation of a finite earthquake source burried in a layered earth. This method is based on the stochastic ...simulation method of Boore (Boore, D. M., 1983, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 73, 1865-1894) and the Empirical Green's Function (EFG) method of Irikura (Irikura, K., 1986, Proceedings of the 7th Japan Earthquake symposium, pp. 151-156). The rupture responsible for an earthquake is represented by several subfaults. The geometry of subfaults and their number is decided by the similarity relationships. For simulation of ground motion using the stochastic simulation technique we used the shapping window based on the kinetic source model of the rupture plane. The shaping window deepens on the geometry of the earthquake source and the propagation characteristics of the energy released by various subfaults. The division of large fault into small subfaults and the method for accounting their contribution at the surface is identical to the EGF. The shapping window has been modified to take into account the effect of the transmission of energy released form the finite fault at various boundaries of the layered earth model above the source. In the present method we have applied the correction factor to adjust slip time function of small and large earthquakes. The correction factor is used to simulate strong motion records having basic spectral shape of ω^sup 2^ source model in broad frequency range. To test this method we have used the strong motion data of the Geiyo earthquake of 24th March 2001, Japan recorded by KiK network. The source of this earthquake is modelled by a simple rectangular rupture of size 24 × 15 km, burried at a depth of 31 km in a multilayered earth model. This rupture plane is divided into 16 rectangular subfaults of size 6.0 × 3.75 km each. Strong motion records at eight selected near-field stations were simulated and compared with the observed records in terms of the acceleration and velocity records and their response spectrum. The comparison confirms the suitability of proposed rupture model responsible for this earthquake and the efficacy of the approach in predicting the strong motion scenario of earthquakes in the subduction zone. Using the same rupture model of the Geiyo earthquake, we compared the simulated records from our and the EGF techniques at one near-field station. The comparison shows that this technique gives records which matches in a wide frequency range and that too from simple and easily accessible parameters of burried rupture.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: It is critical for surgeons to have a full understanding of the complex courses and ramifications of the human internal iliac artery and its parietal branches. Although numerous ...anatomical studies have been performed, not all variations at this site are currently understood. Therefore, we characterised these blood vessels in foetal pigs to provide additional insight from a comparative anatomical perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen half-pelvis specimens from foetal pigs were dissected and examined on macroscopic scale. RESULTS: Among our findings, we identified the internal iliac artery as a descending branch of the abdominal aorta. A very thick umbilical artery arose from the internal iliac artery. The superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, and internal pudendal arteries formed the common arterial trunk. Although the superior gluteal artery emerged from the common trunk from inside the pelvis, the inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries bifurcated at deep layer within the gluteus muscles after leaving pelvic cavity. We were unable to detect an typical obturator artery emerging from the internal iliac artery. A branch supplying the hip adductors was identified as arising from the inferior epigastric artery which itself was derived from the distal end of the external iliac artery. CONCLUSIONS: We identified the anatomic characteristics of the internal iliac artery and its parietal branches in the foetal pig. Our findings provide new insight into the comparative anatomy of the internal iliac artery and will promote understanding of related morphogenetic processes.
Data of the intermediate depth (the Geioyo and the Shizuoka) earthquakes in Japan recorded in a dense network is analysed and compared with various available attenuation relations. The approach of ...Midorikawa (Midorikawa S., 1993, Technophysics 218, 287-295) based on the empirical Green's function technique of Irikura (Irikura, K., 1986, Proceedings of the 7th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, pp. 151-156.) has been used to model the rupture responsible for these earthquakes and peak ground acceleration are simulated at selected observation points. The method presented in this work includes the transmission effect in a multiple layer crustal model for a finite fault earthquake source model. Sharp attenuation rate is seen for such intermediate depth earthquakes which is difficult to explain through conventional attenuation relations. Detail study of the methodology and comparison of results shows that the transmission factor plays an important role for the sharp attenuation rate for intermediate-to deep-focus earthquakes.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
This study evaluated abnormal fibrinolysis in diabetic patients in terms of the pathophysiological significance and reversibility by oral hypoglycemic agents. Forty-seven patients with type 2 ...diabetes mellitus were randomly treated for 4 weeks with glibenclamide (n = 23) or troglitazone (n = 24). Before and after treatment, glycemic control, steady-state plasma glucose and insulin (SSPG and SSPI, respectively), and markers of fibrinolysis (tissue plasminogen activator tpa and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 PAI-1) were analyzed in each patient. Pretreatment plasma PAI-1 in diabetic patients, but not tPA, was well correlated with the severity of retinopathy assessed by the fluorescence technique. Four weeks of treatment with troglitazone significantly decreased hemoglobin A
1c (HbA
1c), SSPG, and PAI-1 without an alteration of tPA. The troglitazone-induced decrease in plasma PAI-1 (50.3
v 28.8 μmol/L;
P < .05) was correlated with HbA
1c (8.80%
v 7.21%,
r = .539,
P < .01) and SSPG (16.2
v 8.97 mmol/L,
r = .562,
P < .01) but not with SSPI. In contrast, treatment with glibenclamide for 4 weeks also reduced the HbA
1c titer to almost the same extent as troglitazone (1.38%
v 1.59%), but did not change the plasma PAI-1 or SSPG titer. These results suggest that an abnormal fibrinolytic state, especially overproduction of PAI-1, may be a pathogenic factor in the development of diabetic complications such as retinopathy, which may be improved by correction of the insulin resistance with troglitazone.
To verify the results of seismic microzoning and to improve techniques, the damage data of past destructive earthquakes is an important key reference. The damage data of the 1923 Kanto, Japan, ...earthquake in the epicentral region are collected and compiled to produce the most reliable and detailed damage map. The damage map is compared with the results from the existing damage assessment and is used to discuss revision of the site amplification evaluation.
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