The essential oil of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. was characterized by a high concentration of the phenolic compounds carvacrol (21.3%) and thymol (9.2%). The in vitro activity of the essential oil ...against Legionela pneumophila serogroups (SG) 1 and 2-15 and Legionella spp. from different sources, using micro-dilution, showed that L. pneumofila is sensitive to the oil, with MICs ranging from 0.12 to 0.5%, v/v, and a MBC at 0.5 to 1%, v/v. The essential oil of S. cuneifolia was effective in the reduction of Legionellosis infections.
The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of hot water between eleven hotels in the Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia that are open year round and 10 summer season hotels and retirement homes ...with irregular use of water. We took 122 samples between May and December 2009. Water temperature and free residual chlorine were measured in situ. Physical and chemical analysis included pH, electrical conductivity, and concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium that were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while the Legionella species were determined using a cultivation method on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. Differences in metal concentrations between the seasonal and year-round accommodation facilities were negligible, save for zinc that was higher in year-round (0.341 mg L(-1)) than in seasonal facilities (0.130 mg L(-1)). Samples from all year-round and six summer season hotels were negative to the Legionella species, but four seasonal facilities turned up with positive samples to Legionella pneumophila. Our study has demonstrated that water quality differs between year-round and seasonal accommodation facilities. These findings suggest that metal plumbing components and associated corrosion products are important factors in the survival and growth of Legionella species in water distribution systems.
Health concerns associated with Legionnaires’ disease have been identified as an area of the increasing public and professional interest. Any natural water or man-made water systems worldwide might ...be reservoirs of Legionellae. We presented a sporadic, community-acquired case of Legionnaires’ disease caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in a bus driver who used water for hand and face washing from a bus water storage tank. The history of any other usual place of exposure to Legionellae was negative. The water from the tank was dirty, filled with sediment and leaves, at the temperature of 22°C. The water was heavily contaminated with Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated from each sample with the concentration of 66,000, 16,000, 42,000, 56,000 and 34,000 CFU/L. The disinfection of the bus water storage tank was made using hyperclorination with 50 mg/L of free residual chlorine. The control sampling one week after the disinfection yielded negative results. So far, there are no recommendations on regular management or disinfection of water in bus storage tanks, but it seems to be reasonable to assume that passengers as well as bus drivers may be exposed to Legionella and therefore at risk of acquiring the infection. These recommendations should include regular empting, rinsing and filling the tank with fresh tap water, at least once a week. Finally, we have to be aware that Legionella bacteria are ubiquitous and any potential mode of producing contaminated aerosol should not be overlooked during an epidemiological field investigation and proposed appropriate measures.
Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je procijeniti kakvoću tople vode s pomoću određenih fi zikalnih, kemijskih i mikrobioloških parametara, analizirajući uzorke vode na prisutnost vrsta roda Legionella, u ...ustanovama koje su otvorene tijekom cijele godine i onih koje su otvorene samo tijekom ljetnih mjeseci u Splitskodalmatinskoj županiji, Hrvatska. U istraživanju su određene koncentracije željeza, mangana, bakra, cinka, kalcija i magnezija u toploj vodi u 122 uzorka iz 21 ustanove u razdoblju od svibnja 2009. do prosinca 2009. Deset ustanova bilo je otvoreno tijekom ljetnih mjeseci, dok je 11 ostalo otvoreno tijekom godine. Temperatura i slobodni rezidualni klor mjereni su in situ prijenosnim digitalnim termometrom i prijenosnim digitalnim aparatom za mjerenje slobodnoga rezidualnog klora. Koncentracije željeza, mangana, bakra, cinka, kalcija i magnezija određene su metodom atomske apsorpcijske spektrofotometrije. Legionele su određivane u istim uzorcima metodom kultivacije na BCYE-agaru 72 h pri 36 °C. Nalaz vrste Legionella pneumophila bio je negativan u 11 ustanova koje rade kroz cijelu godinu i u šest ustanova koje su otvorene sezonski. Rezultati su bili pozitivni u 4 ustanove koje su otvorene sezonski. U ustanovama koje su otvorene tijekom cijele godine određene su koncentracije u vodi: željeza 0,039 mg L-1, magnezija 0,791 mg L-1, kalcija 52,94 mg L-1, cinka 0,341 mg L-1, bakra 0,012 mg L-1 te mangana 5,08 μg L-1. U ustanovama otvorenim sezonski također su u vodiodređene koncentracije: željeza 0,052 mg L-1, magnezija 0,867 mg L-1, kalcija 54,87 mg L-1, cinka 0,130 mg L-1, bakra 0,008 mg L-1 i mangana 5,64 μg L-1. Samo je koncentracija cinka bila povišena u hotelima koji su radili tijekom cijele godine. Naše je istraživanje pokazalo da se kvaliteta vode razlikuje u vodovodnim sustavima koji se trajno rabe u odnosu prema sustavima sezonskog tipa. Ovo saznanje ima veliko značenje za kontrolu kakvoće vode u turističkim područjima.
Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je procijeniti kakvoću tople vode s pomoću određenih fi zikalnih, kemijskih i mikrobioloških parametara, analizirajući uzorke vode na prisutnost vrsta roda Legionella, u ...ustanovama koje su otvorene tijekom cijele godine i onih koje su otvorene samo tijekom ljetnih mjeseci u Splitskodalmatinskojžupaniji, Hrvatska.U istraživanju su određene koncentracije željeza, mangana, bakra, cinka, kalcija i magnezija u toploj vodi u 122 uzorka iz 21 ustanove u razdoblju od svibnja 2009. do prosinca 2009. Deset ustanova bilo je otvoreno tijekom ljetnih mjeseci, dok je 11 ostalo otvoreno tijekom godine. Temperatura i slobodni rezidualni klor mjereni su in situ prijenosnim digitalnim termometrom i prijenosnim digitalnim aparatom za mjerenjeslobodnoga rezidualnog klora. Koncentracije željeza, mangana, bakra, cinka, kalcija i magnezija određenesu metodom atomske apsorpcijske spektrofotometrije.Legionele su određivane u istim uzorcima metodom kultivacije na BCYE-agaru 72 h pri 36 °C.Nalaz vrste Legionella pneumophila bio je negativan u 11 ustanova koje rade kroz cijelu godinu i u šest ustanova koje su otvorene sezonski. Rezultati su bili pozitivni u 4 ustanove koje su otvorene sezonski.U ustanovama koje su otvorene tijekom cijele godine određene su koncentracije u vodi: željeza 0,039 mg L-1, magnezija 0,791 mg L-1, kalcija 52,94 mg L-1, cinka 0,341 mg L-1, bakra 0,012 mg L-1 te mangana 5,08 μg L-1. U ustanovama otvorenim sezonski također su u vodiodređene koncentracije: željeza 0,052 mg L-1, magnezija 0,867 mg L-1, kalcija 54,87 mg L-1, cinka 0,130 mg L-1, bakra 0,008 mg L-1 i mangana 5,64 μg L-1. Samo je koncentracija cinka bila povišena u hotelima koji su radili tijekom cijele godine. Naše jeistraživanje pokazalo da se kvaliteta vode razlikuje u vodovodnim sustavima koji se trajno rabe u odnosu prema sustavima sezonskog tipa. Ovo saznanje ima veliko značenje za kontrolu kakvoće vodeu turističkim područjima.
The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of hot water between eleven hotels in the Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia that are open year round and 10 summer season hotels and retirement homeswith irregular use of water. We took 122 samples between May and December 2009. Water temperature and free residual chlorine were measured in situ. Physical and chemical analysis included pH, electrical conductivity, and concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium that were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while the Legionella species were determined using a cultivation method on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar.Differences in metal concentrations between the seasonal and year-round accommodation facilities were negligible, save for zinc that was higher in year-round (0.341 mg L-1) than in seasonal facilities(0.130 mg L-1).Samples from all year-round and six summer season hotels were negative to the Legionella species, but four seasonal facilities turned up with positive samples to Legionella pneumophila.Our study has demonstrated that water quality differs between year-round and seasonal accommodation facilities. These findings suggest that metal plumbing components and associated corrosion products are important factors in the survival and growth of Legionella species in water distribution systems.