Faced with the global climate crisis and the inevitability of future climate shocks, enhancing social-ecological resilience has become an urgent area for research and policy internationally. Research ...to better understand the impacts of, and response to, climate shocks is critical to improve the resilience and well-being of affected people and places. This paper builds on the findings of a focus collection on this topic to provide a concluding and forward-looking perspective on the future of social-ecological research on climate resilience. Drawing on an expert workshop to identify research gaps, we distinguish 20 priorities for future research on climate resilience. These span four key themes: Systems and Scales, Governance and Knowledge, Climate Resilience and Development, and Sectoral Concerns. Given the need and urgency for evidence-based policies to address the climate crisis, the analysis considers the importance of understanding how findings on social-ecological resilience are used in policy, rather than solely focusing on how it is generated. Many of the priorities emphasise the governance systems within which climate research is produced, understood and used. We further reflect on the state of current evidence generation processes, emphasising that the involvement of a wider range of voices in the design, implementation and dissemination of climate resilience research is critical to developing the efficient and fair interventions it is meant to support.
Biodiversity loss is a critical sustainability issue, and companies are beginning to seek ways to assess their biodiversity performance. Initiatives to date have developed biodiversity indicators for ...specific business contexts (e.g., spatial scales—from site, to product, to regional, or corporate scales); however, many are not widely translatable across different contexts making it challenging for businesses seeking indicators to manage their biodiversity performance. By synthesising the steps of common conservation and business decision‐making systems, we propose a framework to support more comprehensive development of quantitative biodiversity indicators, for a range of business contexts. The framework integrates experience from existing tried‐and‐tested conservation frameworks. We illustrate how our framework offers a pathway for businesses to assess their biodiversity performance and demonstrate responsible management by mitigating and reversing their biodiversity impacts and sustaining their dependencies, enabling them to demonstrate their contribution to emerging global biodiversity targets (e.g., Convention on Biological Diversity post‐2020 targets).
Wild animals play an integral and complex role in the economies and ecologies of many countries across the globe, including those of West and Central Africa, the focus of this policy perspective. The ...trade in wild meat, and its role in diets, have been brought into focus as a consequence of discussions over the origins of COVID-19. As a result, there have been calls for the closure of China’s “wet markets”; greater scrutiny of the wildlife trade in general; and a spotlight has been placed on the potential risks posed by growing human populations and shrinking natural habitats for animal to human transmission of zoonotic diseases. However, to date there has been little attention given to what the consequences of the COVID-19 economic shock may be for the wildlife trade; the people who rely on it for their livelihoods; and the wildlife that is exploited. In this policy perspective, we argue that the links between the COVID-19 pandemic, rural livelihoods and wildlife are likely to be more complex, more nuanced, and more far-reaching, than is represented in the literature to date. We develop a causal model that tracks the likely implications for the wild meat trade of the systemic crisis triggered by COVID-19. We focus on the resulting economic shockwave, as manifested in the collapse in global demand for commodities such as oil, and international tourism services, and what this may mean for local African economies and livelihoods. We trace the shockwave through to the consequences for the use of, and demand for, wild meats as households respond to these changes. We suggest that understanding and predicting the complex dynamics of wild meat use requires increased collaboration between environmental and resource economics and the ecological and conservation sciences.
The use of celebrity endorsement in environmental conservation interventions aiming to influence human behavior has increased in recent decades. Although good practice in designing, implementing, and ...evaluating behavioral interventions is outlined in recent publications, guidance on developing conservation interventions with celebrity endorsement remains limited. To fill this gap, we devised a guide for decision‐making relating to celebrity‐endorsed behavioral interventions based on the behavioral, project design, and celebrity endorsement literatures. The guide advises conducting research to understand the behavior system in question; defining endorser selection models and celebrities based on the research; developing an endorsement strategy with the appropriate communication channels; testing the celebrity, channels, and strategy with the target audience and making adjustments as needed; and, finally, evaluating the intervention after implementation. We applied this strategy to a case study, the aim of which was to design a celebrity‐endorsed intervention to reduce consumption of wild meat in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Following our guide, we found that employing evidence‐based decision‐making substantially enhanced our ability to understand the complexity and potential cost associated with using celebrity endorsements in behavioral interventions.
Diseño de intervenciones conductuales para la conservación apoyadas por celebridades
Resumen
En las últimas décadas se ha incrementado el uso del apoyo de celebridades en las intervenciones de conservación ambiental que buscan influir sobre la conducta humana. Aunque las publicaciones recientes describen las buenas prácticas en el diseño, implementación y evaluación de las intervenciones conductuales, todavía son limitadas las directrices sobre el desarrollo de intervenciones de conservación apoyadas por celebridades. Para llenar este vacío, diseñamos una guía para decidir en relación con las intervenciones conductuales apoyadas por celebridades con base en la literatura sobre las conductas, diseño de proyectos y apoyo de celebridades. La guía recomienda investigar para entender el sistema conductual en cuestión; definir los modelos de selección de patrocinadores y celebridades con base en esta investigación; desarrollar una estrategia de apoyo con los canales adecuados de comunicación; probar los canales, estrategia y celebridades con el público objetivo y realizar los ajustes necesarios; y, por último, la evaluación de la intervención posterior a la implementación. Aplicamos esta estrategia a un estudio de caso, cuyo objetivo era diseñar una intervención con apoyo de celebridades para reducir el consumo de fauna en Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. Con nuestra guía encontramos que el uso de decisiones basadas en evidencias mejoró sustancialmente nuestra capacidad para entender la complejidad y el costo potencial asociado con el uso de apoyo de celebridades en las intervenciones conductuales.
【摘要】
近几十年来, 名人代言被越来越多地用于旨在影响人类行为的环境保护干预措施。虽然近期发表的文章概述了设计、实施和评估行为干预措施的良好实践, 但关于发展名人代言的保护干预措施的指导方针仍然有限。为填补这一空白, 本研究基于行为学、项目设计和名人代言文献, 制定了一份名人代言行为干预决策的指南。该指南建议开展研究以了解相关行为系统;基于研究确定代言人选择模型和名人;制定具有适当传播渠道的代言策略;在目标受众中测试名人、渠道和策略, 并根据需要做出调整;最后, 在干预措施实施后进行评估。我们将这一策略应用于一项案例研究, 其目的是设计一项由名人代言的干预措施, 以减少越南胡志明市的野味消费。在指南的指导下, 我们发现采用循证决策的方法大大提高了我们理解在行为干预中使用名人代言的复杂性和潜在成本的能力。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚】
Abstract Unsustainable wildlife trade imperils thousands of species, but efforts to identify and reduce these threats are hampered by rapidly evolving commercial markets. Businesses trading ...wildlife-derived products innovate to remain competitive, and the patents they file to protect their innovations also provide an early-warning of market shifts. Here, we develop a novel machine-learning approach to analyse patent-filing trends and apply it to patents filed from 1970-2020 related to six traded taxa that vary in trade legality, threat level, and use type: rhinoceroses, pangolins, bears, sturgeon, horseshoe crabs, and caterpillar fungus. We found 27,308 patents, showing 130% per-year increases, compared to a background rate of 104%. Innovation led to diversification, including new fertilizer products using illegal-to-trade rhinoceros horn, and novel farming methods for pangolins. Stricter regulation did not generally correlate with reduced patenting. Patents reveal how wildlife-related businesses predict, adapt to, and create market shifts, providing data to underpin proactive wildlife-trade management approaches.
Research on the interactions between human behaviour and ecological systems tends to focus on the direct effects of human activities on ecosystems, such as biodiversity loss. There is also increasing ...research effort directed towards ecosystem services. However, interventions to control people's use of the environment alter the incentives that natural resource users face, and therefore their decisions about resource use. The indirect effects of conservation interventions on biodiversity, modulated through human decision-making, are poorly studied but are likely to be significant and potentially counterintuitive. This is particularly so where people are dependent on multiple natural resources for their livelihoods, when both poverty and biodiversity loss are acute. An inter-disciplinary approach is required to quantify these interactions, with an understanding of human decision-making at its core; otherwise, predictions about the impacts of conservation policies may be highly misleading.
Impact evaluation methods (mixed effects models and matching) were used to investigate the effect of protected areas (PAs) on poverty and livelihoods in Cambodia, comparing households inside PAs with ...bordering villages and controls. There was no evidence that PAs exacerbated local poverty or reduce agricultural harvests in comparison with controls. Households bordering the PAs were significantly better off due to greater access to markets and services. Non-timber forest product (NTFP) collectors inside PAs were significantly better off than controls and had greater rice harvests, because they had more secure access to land and forest resources. The PAs in Cambodia therefore have some positive impacts on households that use forest and land resources for their livelihoods.
Detecting deterrence from patrol data Dobson, Andrew D. M.; Milner‐Gulland, E. J.; Beale, Colin M. ...
Conservation biology,
June 2019, Letnik:
33, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The threat posed to protected areas by the illegal killing of wildlife is countered principally by ranger patrols that aim to detect and deter potential offenders. Deterring poaching is a fundamental ...conservation objective, but its achievement is difficult to identify, especially when the prime source of information comes in the form of the patrols’ own records, which inevitably contain biases. The most common metric of deterrence is a plot of illegal activities detected per unit of patrol effort (CPUE) against patrol effort (CPUE‐E). We devised a simple, mechanistic model of law breaking and law enforcement in which we simulated deterrence alongside exogenous changes in the frequency of offences under different temporal patterns of enforcement effort. The CPUE‐E plots were not reliable indicators of deterrence. However, plots of change in CPUE over change in effort (ΔCPUE‐ΔE) reliably identified deterrence, regardless of the temporal distribution of effort or any exogenous change in illegal activity levels as long as the time lag between patrol effort and subsequent behavioral change among offenders was approximately known. The ΔCPUE‐ΔE plots offered a robust, simple metric for monitoring patrol effectiveness; were no more conceptually complicated than the basic CPUE‐E plots; and required no specialist knowledge or software to produce. Our findings demonstrate the need to account for temporal autocorrelation in patrol data and to consider appropriate (and poaching‐activity‐specific) intervals for aggregation. They also reveal important gaps in understanding of deterrence in this context, especially the mechanisms by which it occurs. In practical applications, we recommend the use of ΔCPUE‐ΔE plots in preference to other basic metrics and advise that deterrence should be suspected only if there is a clear negative slope. Distinct types of illegal activity should not be grouped together for analysis, especially if the signs of their occurrence have different persistence times in the environment.
Detección de la Disuasión a Partir de Datos de Patrullaje
Resumen
La amenaza que representa la caza ilegal de fauna para las áreas protegidas está contrarrestada principalmente por las patrullas de guardias que buscan detectar y disuadir a los delincuentes potenciales. La disuasión de la caza furtiva es un objetivo fundamental de la conservación, pero es difícil identificar cuándo se logra, especialmente cuando la fuente principal de información proviene de los propios registros de las patrullas, que inevitablemente contiene sesgos. La medida más común de la disuasión es una parcela de actividades ilegales detectadas por unidad de esfuerzo de patrullaje (CPUE, en inglés) contra el esfuerzo de patrullaje (CPUE‐E, en inglés). Diseñamos un modelo simple y mecánico del rompimiento y aplicación de la ley en el cual simulamos la disuasión junto con cambios exógenos en la frecuencia de ofensas bajo diferentes patrones temporales del esfuerzo de aplicación. Las parcelas de CPUE‐E no fueron indicadores confiables de la disuasión. Sin embargo, las parcelas de cambio de CPUE sobre cambio en el esfuerzo (ΔCPUE‐ΔE) identificaron con seguridad la disuasión sin importar la distribución temporal del esfuerzo o cualquier cambio exógeno en los niveles de actividad ilegal siempre y cuando el retraso en el tiempo entre el esfuerzo de patrullaje y el cambio en comportamiento subsecuente entre los delincuentes se conocía con cierta aproximación. Las parcelas de ΔCPUE‐ΔE ofrecieron una medida simple y sólida para el monitoreo de la efectividad del patrullaje; no fueron más complicadas conceptualmente que las parcelas básicas de CPUE‐E; y no requirieron de conocimiento de especialistas o algún software para producir. Nuestros hallazgos demuestran la necesidad de dar cuenta de la autocorrelación temporal en los datos de patrullaje y de considerar intervalos apropiados (y específicos a la actividad de caza furtiva) para su agregación. Nuestros hallazgos también revelan vacíos importantes en el entendimiento de la disuasión en este contexto, especialmente para los mecanismos mediante los cuales ocurre. En las aplicaciones prácticas recomendamos el uso de parcelas de ΔCPUE‐ΔE por encima de otras medidas básicas y recomendamos que se sospeche de la disuasión sólo si existe una clara pendiente negativa. No se deben agrupar diferentes tipos de actividades ilegales para su análisis, especialmente si las señales de su ocurrencia tienen diferentes momentos de persistencia en el ambiente.
摘要
野生动物的非法捕杀对保护地构成的威胁主要被以发现并阻止潜在罪犯为目标的巡逻队员的巡逻活动来应对。制止偷猎是一项基本的保护目标, 但目标是否实现难以判断, 特别是信息主要来自巡逻队自身记录的时候, 这样就不可避免地存在偏差。判断巡逻威慑力最常见的标准是将每单位巡逻量发现的非法活动 (CPUE) 与巡逻量进行作图 (CPUE‐E) 。我们设计了一个简单机械的违法与执法模型, 模拟了在不同时间格局的执法工作下威慑力与外在因素导致的犯罪频率变化。结果显示, CPUE‐E 图不能可靠地评估巡逻的威慑力。但是对 CPUE 在巡逻量变化下的变化 (ΔCPUE‐ΔE) 作图可以很好地确定威慑力, 且不受巡逻时间分布或非法活动强度外因变化的影响, 只要能大致确定巡逻工作和随后罪犯行为变化的时间差即可。 ΔCPUE‐ΔE 图提供了监测巡逻有效性简单稳健的指标, 它没有比基础的 CPUE‐E 图更难以理解, 也不需要其它专业知识或软件进行绘制。我们的发现指出, 需要考虑巡逻数据的时间自相关性, 并选择适当的 (及偷猎行为特定的) 汇总时间间隔。结果还揭示了目前对威慑力的认识存在不足, 特别是它产生的机制。在实际应用中, 我们建议优先使用 ΔCPUE‐ΔE 图, 且只有斜率明显为负时才应怀疑威慑力的作用。不同类型的非法活动不应该归为一类进行分析, 特别是当它们在环境中留下的痕迹存在时间不一样长的时候。翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 聂永刚
Article impact statement: Deterrent effects of conservation law enforcement may be robustly assessed by applying relatively simple metrics to ranger patrol data.
Goals play important roles in people's lives because they focus attention, mobilize effort, and sustain motivation. Understanding conservationists’ satisfaction with goal progress may provide ...insights into real‐world environmental trends and flag risks to their well‐being and motivation. We asked 2694 conservationists working globally how satisfied they were with progress toward goals important to them. We then explored how this satisfaction varied among groups, including demographic and occupational. Finally, we looked at respondents' experiences associated with goal‐progress satisfaction. Many (94.0%) indicated that making a meaningful contribution to conservation was an important goal for them, and over half were satisfied or very satisfied in this area (52.5%). However, respondents were generally dissatisfied with progress on collective conservation goals (e.g., stopping species loss). Some groups were more likely to report dissatisfaction than others. For instance, those in conservation for longer tended to be less satisfied with collective goal progress (log odds –0.21, 95% credibility interval CI –0.32 to –0.10), but practitioners reported greater satisfaction (log odds 0.38, 95% CI 0.15–0.60). Likewise, those who were more optimistic in life (log odds 0.24, 95% CI 0.17–0.32), male (log odds 0.25, 95% CI 0.10–0.41), and working in conservation practice (log odds 0.25, 95% CI 0.08–0.43) reported greater satisfaction with individual goal progress. Free‐text responses suggested widespread dissatisfaction with livelihood goals, particularly related to job security and adequate compensation. Although contributing to conservation appeared to be a source of satisfaction, slow goal progress in other areas––particularly around making a living––looked to be a source of distress and demotivation. Employers, funders, professional societies, and others should consider ways to help those in the sector make a difference while making a satisfactory living by, for example, prioritizing conservationists′ well‐being when allocating funding. This support could include avoiding exploitative practices, fostering supportive work environments, and celebrating positive outcomes.
El Balance entre Hacer una Diferencia y Ganarse la Vida en el Sector de la Conservación 21–323
Resumen
Los objetivos juegan un papel importante en la vida de las personas porque enfocan la atención, movilizan esfuerzos y mantienen la motivación. El entendimiento de la satisfacción de los conservacionistas con el progreso de sus objetivos podría proporcionar información sobre las tendencias ambientales del mundo real y marcar los riesgos para su bienestar y motivaciones. Les preguntamos a 2694 conservacionistas trabajando alrededor del mundo cuán satisfechos están con el progreso hacia los objetivos que consideran más importantes. Después exploramos cómo esta satisfacción varió entre grupos, incluyendo grupos demográficos y laborales. Finalmente, observamos las experiencias de los respondientes asociadas con la satisfacción con el progreso de los objetivos. Muchos (94%) indicaron que contribuir significativamente a la conservación es un objetivo importante para ellos, y más de la mitad estuvieron satisfechos o muy satisfechos en este campo (52.5%). Sin embargo, los respondientes también mostraron una inconformidad generalizada con el progreso de los objetivos colectivos de conservación (p. ej.: detener la pérdida de especies). Algunos grupos tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de reportar inconformidades que otros grupos. Por ejemplo, aquellos con mayor tiempo en la conservación tendieron a estar menos satisfechos con el progreso de los objetivos colectivos (probabilidad log ‐0.21, 95% intervalo de credibilidad IC ‐0.32 a ‐0.10), pero los practicantes reportaron una mayor satisfacción (probabilidad log 0.38, 95% IC 0.15‐0.60). De igual manera, quienes cuentan con mayor optimismo cotidiano (probabilidad log 0.24, 95% IC 0.17‐0.32), son de sexo masculino (probabilidad log 0.25, 95% IC 0.10‐0.41) y trabajan en la práctica de la conservación (probabilidad log 0.25, 95% IC 0.08‐0.43) reportaron una mayor satisfacción con el progreso de los objetivos individuales. Las respuestas de texto libre sugirieron una inconformidad generalizada con los objetivos de sustento, particularmente los relacionados con la seguridad laboral y las compensaciones adecuadas. Aunque contribuir a la conservación parece ser una fuente de satisfacción, el progreso lento de los objetivos en otras áreas – particularmente las relacionadas con ganarse la vida – indicaba ser una fuente de angustia y desmotivación. Los empleadores, financiadores, las sociedades profesionales y demás deberían considerar maneras para ayudar a aquellos en el sector de la conservación a lograr una diferencia a la vez que se ganan la vida satisfactoriamente, por ejemplo, mediante la priorización del bienestar de los conservacionistas al momento de asignar financiamientos. Este apoyo podría incluir evitar prácticas explotadoras, fomentar ambientes de trabajo solidarios y celebrar los resultados positivos.
Article impact statement: Employers and funders should prioritize conservationists’ well‐being, helping them make a difference while making a living.
保护工作中有所作为与谋取营生的平衡
【摘要】目标在人们的生活中起着重要的作用, 因为它能帮助人们集中注意力, 调动工作积极性和维持动力。了解保护工作者对目标进展的满意度, 可能有助于深入理解现实世界的环境变化趋势, 并明确保护工作者的福祉和动机面临的风险。我们调查了全球2694名保护工作者关于他们关注的重要目标进展情况的满意度, 并探讨了这种满意度在不同群体(不同人口结构和职业)之间的差异。最后, 我们研究了与目标进展满意度相关的受访者经历。许多受访者(94.0%)表示, 为保护作出有意义的贡献是他们的重要目标, 且超过半数的受访者(52.5%)在这方面感到满意或非常满意。然而, 受访者普遍对共同保护目标(如遏止物种丧失)的进展表示不满意。一些群体比其他群体更有可能报告不满意的结果, 例如, 从事保护工作时间较长的受访者往往对共同目标的进展不太满意(比率比对数为‐0.21, 95%置信区间CI为‐0.32至‐0.10), 但工作时间较短的保护工作者的满意度则较高(比率比对数0.38, 95% CI 0.15‐0.60)。同样地, 那些在生活更乐观的人(比率比对数0.24, 95%置信区间0.17‐0.32)、男性(比率比对数0.25, 95% CI 0.10‐0.41), 以及从事保护工作的受访者(比率比对数0.25, 95% CI 0.08‐0.43)对个人目标的进展的满意度普遍更高。自由文本的回答表明, 受访者普遍对生计目标不满意, 尤其是在工作保障和适当补偿方面。虽然对保护工作的贡献似乎可以提供满足感, 但其它领域的目标进展缓慢(特别是围绕生计的目标), 则可能引发了忧虑和积极性不足。雇主、资助者及专业团体等应考虑如何帮助保护工作者在过上满意的生活的同时有所成就, 例如, 在资金分配中优先考虑保护工作者的福利。这种支持还可以包括避免剥削性工作, 建立支持性的工作环境, 以及庆祝积极的保护成果。【翻译:胡怡思;审校:聂永刚】
关键词:保护目标、保护心理学、保护工作者的福祉、目标进展满意度、动机、职业健康、反思性
ABSTRACT
Finding effective ways of conserving large carnivores is widely recognised as a priority in conservation. However, there is disagreement about the most effective way to do this, with some ...favouring top‐down ‘command and control’ approaches and others favouring collaboration. Arguments for coercive top‐down approaches have been presented elsewhere; here we present arguments for collaboration. In many parts of the developed world, flexibility of approach is built into the legislation, so that conservation objectives are balanced with other legitimate goals. In the developing world, limited resources, poverty and weak governance mean that collaborative approaches are likely to play a particularly important part in carnivore conservation. In general, coercive policies may lead to the deterioration of political legitimacy and potentially to non‐compliance issues such as illegal killing, whereas collaborative approaches may lead to psychological ownership, enhanced trust, learning, and better social outcomes. Sustainable hunting/trapping plays a crucial part in the conservation and management of many large carnivores. There are many different models for how to conserve carnivores effectively across the world, research is now required to reduce uncertainty and examine the effectiveness of these approaches in different contexts.
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