The potential of amylose a constituent of starch, as a novel colonic drug delivery system has been investigated. In this study glucose was used as a model drug and incorporated into pellets (diameter ...1.40–1.70 mm) that were prepared by extrusion and spheronisation. The behaviour of different glucose containing pellets coated with an amylose-Ethocel® mixture (ratio 1:4 w/ w) has been investigated in vitro. Dissolution release profiles of the formulation demonstrated in vitro gastric and small intestine resistance. High volatile fatty acid and carbon dioxide concentrations during in vitro fermentation studies showed that the formulation was susceptible to bacterial enzymatic attack.
В научной работе указаны наиболее характерные примеры династической конфликты между отцами и сыновыми, которые наиболее очевидны в агиографи¬ческих текстах Данила II и Григория Цамблака. События и ...действия, которые отклоняются от хорошей практики правления и не соответствуют христианским предпосылкам сербского средневековья, объясняются влиянием влияния падшего ангела и его помощников на мысли отдельного человека. Кроме того, эти тексты содержат описания материализации бесчестного в этом мире, который формули¬руется по-разному: злые убеждения воплощаются в непослушной жени, гордом наследнике или целом дворянстве. Как ключевой элемент, влияющий на то, будут ли отношения между отцами и сыновьями правящей сербской династии разви-ваться в правильном направлении или подпадут под влияние демонической (лжи), послушание выделяется как наиболее совершенная форма христианской любви.
Cilj ovog rada je istraživanje prisustva i funkcije jevanđelja u strukturi žitijnog lika Save Nemanjića, a u obzir smo uzeli četiri kanonska jevanđelja (po Mateju, Marku, Luki i Jovanu). Prateći ...tekst žitija, citate iz jevanđelja, aluzije na opis života Isusa Hrista, kao i sam srednjovekovni kliše pripovedanja o svetom, istakli smo nekoliko elemenata, ključnih za konstrukciju Savinog žitijnog karaktera: život Svetog kao ispunjavanje prorokovanog, snagu čuda u hrišćanskom učenju, i apologetsku misiju Svetoga Save uz akcentovanje molitve i ljubavi kao bazičnih elemenata saglasja između Boga i čoveka. Ovo Domentijanovo žitije, shodno poetici epohe iz koje potiče, obiluje citatima iz Svetog pisma, a opis života Isusa Hrista kao uzora i povoda monahu i piscu, Savinom učeniku Domentijanu, jeste osnovni arhitekst koji je inkorporirao u gradnju jedne od najznačajnijih ličnosti srpske istorije i duhovnosti, shodno tome i jedne od najvažnijih likova stare srpske književnosti - Rastka Nemanjića. Domentijan je ovim svojim žitijem, ne samo odabranim citatima, već i izborom priča (kao što i sam Isus Hristos 'govori u pričama'), i jasnim isticanjem ključnih zakona vere, uobličio lik svetitelja posvećenog ne samo sopstvenom duhovnom uzrastanju već i radu na približavanju svog naroda pravoj veri.
The observation that certain starches naturally present in the diet resist pancreatic enzymes and reach the colon where they are fermented by bacterial amylases has been exploited to provide a ...coating for specifically targeting drugs to the human large intestine. A mixture of amylose, which is a fraction of starch that can be made resistant to pancreatic enzymes, and Ethocel (1:4 amylose:Ethocel) has been developed and
13Cglucose used as a surrogate for drug delivery. Eight healthy subjects were given, fasting, at 8 am amylose-Ethocel coated pellets containing 300 mg
13Cglucose together with a further capsule that contained amberlite resin labelled with
99mTC to act as a transit marker and outline for the anatomy of the gut. Subjects underwent gamma-scintigraphy at half-hourly intervals for 5 h and then at hourly intervals until 8 pm. Breath samples were taken for
13CO
2, which was measured by gas isotope mass spectrometry, at half-hourly intervals for 5 h and then hourly until 2300 h, with two further breath samples the following morning before breakfast. Gamma-scintigraphy showed that 5% of the activity had arrived in the caecum at 3.5 h after oral dosage (range 2.5–4.75 h) with all the material in the colon after 7.1 h (4.5–10 h). Breath
13CO
2 data were analysed by the cusum technique and by curve fitting to determine first appearance of
13CO
2 in breath. The first rise in breath
13CO
2 was at 3.5 h (range 2.0–6.0 h) with 1% accumulated recovery of breath
13CO
2 at 6.2 h (5.2–7.3 h). Total
13CO
2 recovery at 25 h was 37.5% (21.9–47.8%). A single subject given a dose of uncoated glucose showed a rise in breath
13CO
2 at 30 min peaking at 1.5 h and a total recovery of 28% at 6 h. Accumulated recovery curves for
13CO
2 in breath showed that pellet breakdown and glucose metabolism was occurring over a 15 h period with a delay of about 2.7 h between arrival in the caecum and significant (1%) breakdown of the pellets. Resistant amylose, a naturally occurring component of the diet combined with ethylcellulose, can therefore be used to coat pellets that allow controlled release of contents for targeted drug delivery to the large bowel during a 12–24 h period.
Considering how topoi, or commonplaces, in medieval literature are not seen as banal but as a recognized form of typified actions and do not diminish the author’s inventiveness, we explored the topos ...of suffering for others’ sake in a hagiography dedicated to Jovan Vladimir, an integral part of The Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja. Our methodological framework was based on an approach accepted in medievalist studies, which involves the use of a theological framework. Thus, we searched the New Testament for the architext of the narratives found in this hagiography. Thus far, domestic scholars have paid more attention to the holy knez than to the holy kneginja, whereas our insight suggests that the spiritual kinship of these two beings is highlighted using the same elements of characterisation. The enlightenment of both (coming from the Holy Spirit) is emphasized; both are ready to lead a life of asceticism; both are willing to make sacrifices for the sake of others (for greater good), owing to which they both take on the role of the Good Shepherd. Speaking of intertextuality, we point to the narrative strategy of identifying the suffering of Jovana Vladimir with the suffering of Jesus Christ, as seen through the actions of the main character, as well as the reactions of his loved ones to his appearance. On the other hand, the willing acceptance of God’s plan, as exemplified by the character of Kosara, mirrors the actions of the Mother of God, as described in the Gospels. In accordance with that, the hagiography of the holy knez contains the motif of the betrayal, which we discuss on an individual level, through the character of the župan of that place, but also on the collective level, when both the secular and church community, abstaining from any reaction, participate in the suffering of the innocent. The symbolism of the cross occupies an important place in this hagiography. The wooden cross on which the Son of God himself suffered stands in opposition to the golden cross, paradigmatic of the sinful man, in this case Emperor Vladislav, the slayer of the innocent. All the features fundamental to the heroes of the hagiography are a clear evidence of their holiness, and their orientation to the Logos does not impinge on the loyalty they have to one another, the two really being one and the same, as the feat of absolute and unconditional devotion to one another is in itself an act pleasing to God.
Iako je istraživački cilj u ovom radu osmišljen narativom hagiografa prve polovine XIV veka, arhiepiskopa Danila i njegovog učenika, uspostavili smo kontinuitet sa Svetim pismom i autorima XII i XIII ...veka. Uočivši shemu utrojavanja - termin iz bogoslovske terminologije koji smo inkorporirali u književnoteorijsko istraživanje - istakli smo tri bazične funkcije projavljivanja anđela; trostepenost monaško-anđeoskog života; tri oblika posredništva između Boga i čoveka od kojih je svaki na tragu anđeoske ontologije izvršioca volje Božije. Narativna strategija arhiepiskopa Danila i njegovog učenika predominantno je fokusirana na podrazumevajuću ulogu anđela u tipskim situacijama u kojima se u prethodnom periodu o projavljivanju anđela detaljno govorilo i slika je trećeg stepena (trećeg načina) isticanja funkcije bestelesnih nebeskih bića u žitijnoj literaturi stare srpske književnosti. Ovakav stav Danila II i njegovog učenika proizlazi iz isticanja čovekove nedostojnosti komunikacije sa metafizičkim prostorima Istine Božije, koja istovremeno jeste izvor straha Božijeg, ali i težnje za sjedinjenjem s njim.
Studying the texts from a corpus of old Serbian biographies, we left out examples of the genre of weeping, and emphasized the descriptions of weeping as events. In this paper, we focus on the ...examples of female weeping in hagiographies as well as the examples when the heroines and the events related to them resulted in weeping of the other participants in the hagiographic events. The topic of the study is placed in the context of private lives of people in the Middle Ages. The descriptions of weeping and the author's interpretation are linked with the institution of the family; they follow two types of expressing emotions through weeping: weeping for a dear person who died and weeping as an expression of being close to God, as a form of ischaistic praying mode. Focusing on the first hagiography dedicated to a woman, 'The Life of Queen Helen', we come to the conclusion that medieval hagiography did not insist on gender differences but on the closeness of the male and female elements, based on spiritual similarity and eschatological endeavors.
In addition to the obvious troubles arising from the renunciation of worldly forms of existence, the monastic feat can also be threatened by attacks of a demonological character. The persistence of ...the ascetic before the enemies who come from metaphysical spaces is inevitable in the characterization of the life hero, both when this form of suffering is the reason for lavish narrative segments and when there have been no such attacks on the integrity of the tempted. Taking Theodosius 'Life of Peter of Corinth as the most representative text of this genre, we also pointed out the peculiarity of Theodosius' narrative procedure on the metaphysical, when the action of the ungodly is described through the simultaneity of the monk's dialogue with all factors of his spiritual life.
This paper deals with the notion of creativity in Mediaeval Serbian literature on the example of the hagiographies of Archbishop Danilo and His Disciple. Taking as the starting point the idea that ...literary texts of this epoch should be regarded as a product of enthusiastic poetics, we compare the mediaeval God-infused inspiration with its potential poetic counterpart – Plato’s theory of creativity. By consulting a limited corpus of Plato’s dialogues, on the one side, and the theoretical texts of Averintsev, Berdyaev and the Holy Bible, on the other side, we point out the essential differences of the two manifestations of poetics that ascribe the creative impulse to divine intervention.
(ruski) Cel'ju dannoj raboty javljaetsja izučenie prisutstvija i funkcii evangel'skih istorij v strukture glavnogo personaža Žitija svjatogo Savvy Domentiana. My vzjali vo vnimanie četyre ...kanoničeskih Evangelija (ot Matfeja, Marka, Luki i Ioanna). Sleduja tekstu žitija, citatam iz Evangelija, namekam na opisanie žizni Iisusa Hrista, a takže i samomu srednevekovomu kliše povestvovanija o svjatom, my otmetili neskol'ko ključevyh ëlementov sozdanija žitijnogo personaža Savvy: žizn' svjatogo Savvy, kak vypolnenie proročestva, silu čuda v hristianskom učenii, takže i apologetskuju funkciju pervogo serbskogo arhiepiskopa, s akcentom na molitvu i ljubov' kak osnovnye ëlementy svjazi meždu Bogom i čelovekom. Ëto žitie Domentiana, v sootvetstvii s poëtikoj ëpohi k kotoroj prinadležit, izobiluet citatami iz Svjaščennogo Pisanija, i opisanie žizni Iisusa Hrista, buduči obrazcom i povodom monahu i pisatelju Domentianu, učeniku Savvy, javljaetsja osnovnim arhitekstom, s pomošč'ju kotorogo on opisyvaet odnu iz samyh značitel'nyh ličnostej serbskoj istorii i duhovnosti, sledovatel'no, i odnogo iz samyh važnyh personažej staroj serbskoj literatury - Rastka Nemaniča. Domentian ëtim svoim žitiem, ne tol'ko vybrannimi citatami, no i vybrannimi rasskazami (tak kak i sam Iisus Hristos 'govorit v rasskazah''), takže i četkim podčerkivaniem ključevyh zakonov very, sformiroval obraz svjatogo, posvjaščennogo ne tol'ko sobstvennomu duhovnomu rostu, no i svoemu narodu, kotorogo on hotel privesti k istinnoj vere.
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