It is unclear whether weight change after middle adulthood influences the risk of thyroid cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the risk of papillary thyroid cancer ...(PTC) and body mass index (BMI) and weight change after middle adulthood (age 35).
A matched case–control study based on three hospitals included 516 pairs of cases newly diagnosed with PTC and controls. Current height and weight after defecation in the morning were measured by trained nurses. During measurement, all subjects were requested to wear lightweight clothing and no shoes. Weight at age 35 was self-reported. BMI and weight change were modeled as continuous and categorical variables. Conditional and unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the association between BMI and weight change after middle adulthood and PTC.
After adjustment for covariates, measured BMI at the time of current diagnosis was positively associated with PTC (OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.10–1.21). According to WHO BMI guidelines for Asia-Pacific populations, the OR (95%CI) for PTC risk in obesity was 2.99 (1.92–4.67) compared to normal weight (p-trend <0.001). Moreover, PTC was positively associated with BMI at age 35; the OR (95%CI) for PTC risk per unit increase in BMI was 1.06 (1.02–1.11). Compared to stable weight (changed <0.5 kg/year), weight gain ≥1.0 kg/year after middle adulthood was positively associated with PTC (OR 2.57, 95%CI 1.39–4.76, p-trend <0.001). Compared to maintaining non-overweight status, the PTC risk was significantly increased in those individuals who gained weight and became overweight after middle adulthood (OR 3.82, 95%CI 2.50–5.85).
This study showed that high BMI and obesity were positively associated with increased risk of PTC, and weight gain after middle adulthood also could elevate the PTC risk.
•A matched case-control study describing papillary thyroid cancer in China.•Papillary thyroid cancer is associated with high body mass index and obesity.•Weight gain since middle adulthood can elevate papillary thyroid cancer risk.
Based on the proposed three hardness distribution patterns of butt-welded joints of high strength steel, a systematic numerical analysis considering geometric and mechanical parameters on mismatched ...butt joints of high strength steel is performed with a total of 938 simulated specimens. An extensive analysis of the effect of eight parameters on the mechanical behavior of mismatched butt joints is preformed, including width of weld metal, width of softened zone, width of hardened zone, the plate width-to-thickness ratio, the bevel angle, the strength of weld metal, the strength of softened zone and the strength of hardened zone. Through significance analysis, the contribution of each parameter is discussed, showing that mismatch ratio, the strength and width of SHAZ have obvious contribution on the load carrying capacity of butt-welded joints while The existence of hardened HAZ zone has negligible effect on the strength of butt joints. In addition to typical failure modes occurring at the weakest zone in most cases, a combined failure mode is observed in the test of undermatched joints with softened heat affected zone. It is found that constraint effect has significant influence on the strength and failure mode of butt joints.
•The effect of eight parameters on the behavior of mismatched butt joints has been done through numerical analysis.•Significance analysis has been done to evaluate the contribution of each parameter on the final strength of butt joints.•Constraint has a significant influence on the failure mode of butt joints.
Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are closely related flaviviruses that cause widespread, acute febrile illnesses, notably microcephaly for fetuses of infected pregnant women. Detecting the ...viral cause of these illnesses is paramount to determine risks to patients, counsel pregnant women, and help fight outbreaks. A combined diagnostic algorithm for ZIKV and DENV requires Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and IgM antibody detection. RT-PCR differentiates between DENV and ZIKV infections during the acute phases of infection, but differentiation based on IgM antibodies is currently nearly impossible in endemic areas. We have developed a ZIKV/DENV protein array and tested it with serum samples collected from ZIKV- and DENV-infected patients and healthy subjects in Puerto Rico. Our analyses reveal a biomarker panel that are capable of discriminating ZIKV and DENV infections with high accuracy, including Capsid protein from African ZIKV strain MR766, and other 5 pair of proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS3, NS4B and NS5) from ZIKV and DENV respectively. Both sensitivity and specificity of the test for ZIKV from DENV are around 90%. We propose that the ZIKV/DENV protein array will be used in future studies to discriminate patients infected with ZIKV from DENV.
► Adult neurogenesis continues throughout life but its physiological role is still uncertain. ► Contribution of newborn neurons to behavior is regulated by dynamic intracellular environment. ► ...Increased temporal resolution is required to assess role of adult-born cells in learned behavior. ► Determining process of functional integration can inform research of stem cell therapeutics.
Adult-born neurons are continuously generated and incorporated into the circuitry of the hippocampus throughout life in mammals. Cumulative evidence supports a physiological role for adult-born neurons, yet it not clear whether this subset of dentate granule cells makes a unique contribution to hippocampal function. Perturbation or ablation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis leads to deficits in the acquisition of learned associations or memory recall, whereas an increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis enhances some forms of learning and memory. The observed effects thus far appear to be task-dependent, species-specific, and sensitive to the timing of manipulations. Here, we review the recent evidence correlating adult-born dentate granule cells (DGCs) with hippocampal-dependent behavior and focus on the dynamic properties of this neuronal population that may underlie its function. We further discuss a framework for future investigations of how newly integrated neurons may contribute to hippocampal processing using advanced genetic techniques with enhanced temporal resolution.
A group of papers investigates functional regulatory elements in genomes from human tissue samples and cell lines. What can neuroscientists learn from the gigantic data set and how will it affect the ...direction of neuroepigenetics?
A group of papers investigates functional regulatory elements in genomes from human tissue samples and cell lines. What can neuroscientists learn from the gigantic data set and how will it affect the direction of neuroepigenetics?
Hippocampal neurogenesis has typically been studied during embryonic development or in adulthood, promoting the perception of two distinct phenomena. We propose a perspective that hippocampal ...neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is one continuous, lifelong developmental process. We summarize the common features of hippocampal neurogenesis that are maintained across the lifespan, as well as dynamic age-dependent properties. We highlight that while the progression of hippocampal neurogenesis across the lifespan is conserved between mammalian species, the timing of this progression is species-dependent. Finally, we discuss some current challenges in the hippocampus neurogenesis field, and future research directions to address them, such as time course analysis across the lifespan, mechanisms regulating neurogenesis progression, and interspecies comparisons. We hope that this new perspective of hippocampal neurogenesis will prompt fresh insight into previous research and inspire new directions to advance the field to identify biologically significant ways to harness the endogenous capacity for neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) signaling pathways are required to be tightly controlled to initiate host innate immune responses. Fish mitochondrial antiviral signaling ...(mavs) is a key determinant in the RLR pathway, and its ubiquitination is associated with mavs activation. Here, we identified the zebrafish E3 ubiquitin ligase Speckle-type BTB–POZ protein (spop) negatively regulates mavs-mediated the type I interferon (IFN) responses. Consistently, overexpression of zebrafish spop repressed the activity of IFN promoter and reduced host ifn transcription, whereas knockdown spop by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection had the opposite effects. Accordingly, overexpression of spop dampened the cellular antiviral responses triggered by spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). A functional domain assay revealed that the N-terminal substrate-binding MATH domain regions of spop were necessary for IFN suppression. Further assays indicated that spop interacts with mavs through the C-terminal transmembrane (TM) domain of mavs. Moreover, zebrafish spop selectively promotes K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of mavs through the lysosomal pathway to suppress IFN expression. Our findings unearth a post-translational mechanism by which mavs is regulated and reveal a role for spop in inhibiting antiviral innate responses.
Grifola frondosa is a valuable edible fungus with high nutritional and medicinal values. The mating systems of fungi not only offer practical strategies for breeding, but also have far-reaching ...effects on genetic variability. Grifola frondosa has been considered as a sexual species with a tetrapolar mating system based on little experimental data. In the present study, one group of test crosses and six groups of three-round mating experiments from two parental strains were conducted to determine the mating system in G. frondosa. A chi-squared test of the results of the test-cross mating experiments indicated that they satisfied Mendelian segregation, while a series of three-round mating experiments showed that Mendelian segregation was not satisfied, implying a segregation distortion phenomenon in G. frondosa. A genomic map of the G. frondosa strain, y59, grown from an LMCZ basidiospore, with 40.54 Mb and 12 chromosomes, was generated using genome, transcriptome and Hi-C sequencing technology. Based on the genomic annotation of G. frondosa, the mating-type loci A and B were located on chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively. The mating-type locus A coded for the β-fg protein, HD1, HD2 and MIP, in that order. The mating-type locus B consisted of six pheromone receptors (PRs) and five pheromone precursors (PPs) in a crossed order. Moreover, both HD and PR loci may have only one sublocus that determines the mating type in G. frondosa. The nonsynonymous SNP and indel mutations between the A1B1 and A2B2 mating-type strains and the reference genome of y59 only occurred on genes HD2 and PR1/2, preliminarily confirming that the mating type of the y59 strain was A1B2 and not A1B1. Based on the genetic evidence and the more reliable molecular evidence, the results reveal that the mating system of G. frondosa is tetrapolar. This study has important implications for the genetics and hybrid breeding of G. frondosa.
Disequilibrium of CD4
T-cell subpopulations in peripheral blood (PB) of patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) has been well established, whereas the profile of CD4
T-cell subpopulations ...in bone marrow (BM) remains elusive. In the present study, the frequencies of T helper 22 (Th22), Th17, Th1, Th2, follicular T helper (Tfh) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as their effector cytokines in BM and PB from active ITP patients and healthy controls (HCs) were determined. Results showed that the frequencies of Th22, Th17, Th1, and Tfh cells were significantly higher, but Treg number was remarkably lower in BM from ITP patients than from HCs. In the ITP group, it was notable that the numbers of BM Th22, Th17, Th1, Th2, and Tfh cells were significantly elevated compared with the matched PB counterparts, while Treg number in BM was considerably reduced compared with that in PB. In consistence with the BM Th subset pattern, plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-22, IL-17A, and interferon (INF)-γ in BM from ITP patients were significantly increased compared with that from HCs. Therefore, the balance of CD4
T-cell subsets was disrupted in both BM and PB of ITP patients, suggesting that this might play important roles in the pathophysiological process of ITP.
is the causative agent of rice blast, a devastating disease in rice worldwide. Based on the gene-for-gene paradigm, resistance (R) proteins can recognize their cognate avirulence (AVR) effectors to ...activate effector-triggered immunity.
genes have been demonstrated to evolve rapidly, leading to breakdown of the cognate resistance genes. Therefore, understanding the variation of
genes is essential to the deployment of resistant cultivars harboring the cognate
genes. In this study, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of eight known
genes, namely,
, and
in a total of 383 isolates from 13 prefectures in the Sichuan Basin. We detected the presence of
, and
in the isolates of all the prefectures, but not
, and
in at least seven prefectures, indicating loss of the three
s. We also detected insertions of Pot3, Mg-SINE, and indels in
, solo-LTR of Inago2 in
, and gene duplications in
. Consistently, the isolates that did not harboring
were virulent to IRBLa-A, the monogenic line containing
, and the isolates with variants of
and
were virulent to IRBLb-B and IRBLzt-t, the monogenic lines harboring
and
, respectively, indicating breakdown of resistance by the loss and variations of the avirulence genes. Therefore, the use of blast resistance genes should be alarmed by the loss and nature variations of avirulence genes in the blast fungal population in the Sichuan Basin.
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