The effects of implementing food safety measures including pre-requisite programs (PRPs) and/or Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) on the microbiological quality of raw and pasteurized ...milk during four years was investigated in one of the biggest diary plant in Serbia. On the dairy farm, the measures included training of farmers, investments in the infrastructure of gathering points for the collection of raw milk and transportation, improvement of hygiene and decrease of the number of small farmers. As a result of these measures, the contribution of raw milk with of lower total plate count (TPC) in total raw milk quantity decreased over time.
As a result of HACCP system implementation in the dairy plant, TPC of pasteurized milk decreased from 3.32 ± 0.48 till 3.11 ± 0.30 log CFU/ml. Eight months after HACCP system was implemented, a significant decrease in TPC from 3.11 ± 0.30 till 2.18 ± 0.54 log CFU/ml in pasteurized milk which could be related to the additional investments covering pasteurisation unit and automated cleaning and disinfection system. The research confirmed constrains of a solely HACCP system without adequate PRPs.
Food safety improvements through PRPs and HACCP both on farm level and in the dairy plant present a basis for the production of dairy products.
► Microbiological quality of raw and pasteurized milk in Serbian dairy plant. ► Effect of pre-requisite programs and hazard analysis critical control point. ► Farmers education, infrastructure of gathering points and hygiene – raw milk. ► HACCP and infrastructural investments – pasteurized milk.
The incidence of contamination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and milk products samples collected in Serbia was investigated by using the competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ...technique. A total of 1438 samples composed of 678 raw milk, 438 heat treated milk and 322 milk product samples that were analyzed during the period of 2013–2014, including all seasons. The AFM1 levels exceeded the European Union maximum residue permitted amount (EU MRL) in 56.3% raw milk, 32.6% heat treated milk and 37.8% of milk product samples. Milk powders had the highest mean AFM1 concentration (0.847 μg/kg) of all types of milk products examined. Mean concentration of AFM1 in raw milk samples during the period of winter in Serbia was 0.358 μg/kg and did not significantly differ from the mean concentrations of 0.375 μg/kg during the spring. However, the AFM1 raw milk concentration in the summer (0.039 μg/kg) and autumn season (0.103 μg/kg) was significantly lower. Seasonal variation of AFM1 concentrations in heat treated milk samples followed the trend observed in raw milk. Mean raw milk AFM1 concentration has dropped down by 10 fold from 0.314 μg/kg in 2013 to 0.035 μg/kg in 2014. The fraction of raw milk samples exceeding the EU MRL has decreased from 62.3% to 11.5% by the end of 2014.
•Two year survey of AFM1 in milk and milk products with 1438 samples.•Milk powders had the highest mean AFM1 concentration of all types of milk products.•AFM1 concentration higher in winter and spring compared to summer and autumn.•AFM1 concentration dropped down in 2014 compared to 2013.
Exactly six-hundred (600) scientific articles that report milk and milk products’ color results in scientific journals in the last couple of decades were reviewed. Thereof, the greatest part of the ...articles derived from Europe (36.3%) and Asia (29.5%). The greatest share of researchers used Minolta colorimeters (58.8%), while 26.3% of them used Hunter devices. Most reports were on cheese (31.0%) followed by fermented products (21.2%). Moreover, the highest number of papers reported color data of milk and milk products made from cow’s milk (44.81%). As expected, goat’s cheese was the brightest (L* = 87.1), while cow’s cheese was the yellowest (b* = 17.4). Most importantly, it appeared that color research results reported were often impossible to replicate or to interpret properly because of incomplete description of the methodology. In some of the manuscripts reviewed, illuminant source (61.0%), aperture size (93.8%), observer angle, and number of readings (over 70% of all cases) were not reported. It is therefore critical to set rules regarding the description of the methodology for (milk) color research articles in order to ensure replicability and/or comparison of studies.
Kajmak, a traditional Serbian dairy product, is a top, crust layer of milk containing a high amount of aggregated milk fat and proteins, formed during long cooling of boiled milk. Due to variations ...in production technologies, environmental conditions, and the composition of raw milk which varies from region to region, the quality of kajmak produced traditionally in households is very inconsistent. Attempts to produce kajmak in the industry environment (dairy plants) turned out to be highly challenging in terms of achieving a uniform quality and safety of the product. In order to have a deeper insight into the quality of kajmak produced by the traditional manufacture and the industry, the main objective of the study was to investigate sensorial, physicochemical, and textural properties of kajmak produced in households and dairy plants and distributed through open markets and retail stores, respectively. A total of 36 samples of kajmak were analyzed for thirteen quality characteristics. The results obtained showed a high variability in kajmak quality. The study applied a mathematical calculation of a single total quality index (TQI) that makes all quality attributes comparable. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that kajmak produced in households had a better TQI, which leads to the conclusion that in terms of kajmak quality, the traditional production method is still superior to the industrial one. The correlation between the examined quality characteristics was investigated using Pearson’s bivariate correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). By applying PCA, four principal components highlighting the most important quality characteristics were extracted. The results of the study suggest that further research on the quality of this valuable dairy product, as well as government support and investment in the small scale dairy sector, could be beneficial.
Long‐term frozen storage of caprine milk is an important way of overcoming seasonal production. White brined cheese, matured for 56 days, was made from frozen‐stored caprine milk. Several properties ...of experimental and control cheese variants were investigated throughout the maturation period: physico‐chemical, sensory, proteolytic (by urea‐PAGE electrophoresis), texture attributes, microstructure (by scanning electron microscopy). Most of investigated properties were influenced by frozen storage and maturation period, but differences were less pronounced on the 56th day of maturation. Moreover, sensory analysis showed that both cheese variants were well accepted by consumers.
Can frozen‐stored caprine milk be used as a means to overcome seasonal production? Changes in texture, microstructure, proteolysis and sensory acceptance of caprine milk brined cheese made from frozen‐stored milk.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical, proteolysis, microbiological, colour and textural characteristics of Serbian Kačkavalj cheese in order to determine the variability degree ...between cheeses, compare their properties to other similar ‘Pasta Filata’ cheeses and to determine if they comply to the regulative requirements. A broad range of variations of cheese characteristics was found among Kačkavalj cheeses. The composition showed high variations: dry matter ranged from 51.52% to 58.71%; fat from 20.00% to 29.50%; fat in dry matter from 36.08% to 55.96%; NaCl from 0.93% to 3.69%; total protein from 23.25% to 30.79%. The proteolysis parameters in Kačkavalj cheeses differed significantly. The colour evaluation showed significant differences in a* and b* values, however in L* values there were no significant differences (p>0.05). The traditional Kačkavalj cheese represents the part of national heritage; thus, the comprehensive characterization was conducted to investigate quality variations between Serbian Kačkavalj cheeses. The study identified that term Kačkavalj is used despite some cheeses are not fully compliant with the National Standard. The control of fulfilling the requirements of the National Standard should be improved, as well as raising awareness and prevention of inadequate cheese labelling.
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of climatic conditions and their impact on seasonal variations of physico-chemical characteristics of Saanen goat milk produced over a period of ...4 years. Lactation period (early, mid and late) and year were considered as factors that influence physico-chemical composition of milk. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was calculated between the physico-chemical characteristics of milk (fat, proteins, lactose, non-fat dry matter, density, freezing point, pH, titrable acidity) and climatic condition parameters (air temperature, temperature humidity index—THI, solar radiation duration, relative humidity). Results showed that all physico-chemical characteristics of Saanen goat milk varied significantly throughout the lactation period and years. The decrease of fat, protein, non-fat dry matter and lactose content in goat milk during the mid-lactation period was more pronounced than was previously reported in the literature. The highest values for these characteristics were recorded in the late lactation period. Observed variations were explained by negative correlation between THI and the physico-chemical characteristics of Saanen goat milk. This indicated that Saanen goats were very prone to heat stress, which implied the decrease of physico-chemical characteristics during hot summers.
This study aimed to investigate whether diet and different goat production systems affect the quality of milk, white-brined cheese and whey. It also aimed to determine the suitability of goat's milk ...for the production of white-brined cheese. The physicochemical composition and hygienic quality of raw goat's milk were studied, as well as the fatty acid profile and nutritional indices of milk and white-brined cheese. Traditional white-brined cheeses were produced from bulk goat milk from two farms in three samples. The results confirmed that different husbandry systems and diets influence the physicochemical composition of goat milk and cheese and their fatty acid profile. Milk and cheese from grazing goats contained significantly more (p<0.05) fat, protein, total solids and a higher percentage of cheese yield. Nutritional indices were also more favourable, with a lower atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) index and a higher health-promoting index (HHP) and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH). Goat grazing contributed to a higher content of n-3 fatty acids in milk and cheese and thus to a lower n-6/n-3 ratio. Cheese-making efficiency and protein recovery in the curd (%REC) was better with pasture milk, whereas fat recovery was better with milk from housed goats. Consumers rated the unripened white cheeses from both production systems the highest. In addition, the production of white cheese with brine results in good quality whey with significant health benefits. Natural pasture provides significantly more benefits to goats than confinement, especially in the early stages of use. This contributes to the high nutritional value of goat's milk, cheese and whey.
This research aimed for the first time to identify the essential welfare problems on 46 goat dairy farms in Vojvodina,based on the goat AWIN welfare protocol. The study showed that space allowance ...per goat was 1.55, 1.86 and 2.50 m
2
/goat (large, medium, small-sized farms, respectively). Most farms possessed the soil floor and straw as a flooring material. The small and medium farms more allowed access to the outdoor area. Contrary, large-sized farms mostly kept goats in fully housed systems with reduced opportunities for the goats to express their natural behavior. Management procedures were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the investigated farms. Differences were mainly in bedding, feeding and culling strategies. Low productivity was the main cause of culling in all farm types. Small-sized farms carried out more often disbudding (42.9%) in comparison with medium (21.4%) and large-sized ones (14.3%). Group level observation showed that the main areas of concern were associated with hair coat condition and kneeling at the feeding rack (p < 0.05). Inadequate BCS, udder asymmetry and claw overgrowth were frequently recorded. The prevalence of thin and fat goats was highest in large-sized farms All farm size categories and management systems showed certain welfare weaknesses. Thus, the findings highlighted the need for higher implementation of animal welfare principles and improvement of management techniques to meet the welfare requirements of dairy goats.
The effect of free‐living and spray‐dried probiotic bacteria, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 564 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v, on sensory characteristics of yogurt and cheese made from ...ultrafiltered (UF) milk, as well as their viability during storage, was investigated. Bacterial counts of free‐living and spray‐dried probiotic cells in yogurt remained above 7.43 log cfu/ml after 21 days, whereas in UF cheese, cell count was 8.84 log cfu/g after 56 days of storage. Starter bacteria count maintained above 7.6 log cfu/ml for yogurt and 8.5 log cfu/g for UF cheese during storage, while pH values did not significantly differ from control (without probiotic) and probiotic variants. Sensory evaluation showed that probiotic yogurt and UF cheese were evaluated with very high marks. The long‐term viability of spray‐dried probiotic L. plantarum 564 and L. plantarum 299v in UF cheeses indicates that these products could be successfully used as probiotic carriers.
Novelty impact statement
Spray drying probiotic cells showed significantly higher viability compare to free‐living cells in yogurt. Potential probiotic bacteria Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 564 maintained at high level in ultrafiltered (UF) cheese. Probiotic yogurts and UF cheeses were evaluated with excellent sensory quality.
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