Two non-papillate species of Phytophthora are the principal cause of pistachio gummosis in Iran. Their previous description as P. megasperma and P. drechsleri was re-examined in the light of RFLPs ...and sequence comparisons of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA. Both taxa were more closely related to a clade comprising P. sojae, P. cajani, P. vignae, P. melonis and P. sinensis than to the unrelated P. megasperma s. str. or P. drechsleri. The P. megasperma-like isolates from pistachio differed from all the above taxa in morphology, ITS sequence and AFLP patterns, and are described as a new species, P. pistaciae. The P. drechsleri-like isolates from pistachio had identical ITS sequences to those of P. melonis, P. sinensis and P. drechsleri-like isolates from cucurbits in Iran and the AFLP profiles of P. melonis, P. sinensis and the P. drechsleri-like isolates from pistachio were virtually identical. This and other published isozyme and mtDNA evidence suggests these taxa should be considered conspecific and all subsumed within P. melonis with a revised host range and geographical distribution. The relationships of P. melonis and P. pistaciae with other members belonging to the same ITS clade are considered.
Based on the estimation of the Ornamental Pot Plant and Foliage Crop Office of the Ministry of Jehade and agriculture of Iran the yield of these product in 2006 were including 1224 million cutting ...flower, 36 million pot plants, 137 million young (6- 12 months) trees and bushes and 812 million ornamental seedlings of garden flowers. Frankliniella tenuicornis , Taeniothrips simplex, Thrips tabaci, T. atratus, F. occidentalis, F. intosa, Microcephalothrips abdominalis Macrosiphum rosae, Aphis gossypii, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Liriomyza trifolli, L. sativae, Bemisia tabac, Trialeaurodes vaporariorum, Agriotes sp, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera exigua, Paraphytoptus chrysanthemi, Phytocoptella yuccae΅ Aculops lycopersici, R. echinophus ,Rhizoglyphus robini, Aceria zelkova, Aceria tulipae, Stenotarsonemus sp, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Cenopalpus irani, Cenopalpus meyeraei, Tenuipalpus sp., Oligonychus unuliguis, Brvipalpus phoenisis., Tetranychus urticae, T. cinnabarinus, Rhizophus spp, Planococcus sp, Mus musculus, Gryllotalpa , Lehmannnia valentiana are the most important pests, the most important fungal agents that case diseases are including Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosa΅ Erysiphe sp, Peronospora sporae, Septoria spp, Glomrella cingulata΅ gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ,C. trichellum, Marsonina rosae , Phragmidium rosae, Uromyces appendiculatus, U. dianthi , Alternaria dianthi , A .dianthicola, B. eliptica, Botrythis cinera , Phytophthora nicotianae, P. citricola, P. cactorum, P.drechsleri, P. capsici, P. palmivora, P. cinnamomi , Fusarium solani ,ζ Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ΅Sclerotium rolfsii, Pythium aphanidermatum , P. ultimum , Rhizoctonia spp, Fusarium spp, the most important bacterial agents are includinng Xanthomonas axonopodis .nigromaculans ΅ campestris pelargonii. .X ΅ X anthomonas campestris begonia ,Pectobacterium caratovora caratovora , P. viridiflava ,΅P. siringae. Pv tabaci, Erwinia sp, P. cichorii, Bacillus sp, Pectobacterium caratovora΅ Pectobacterium chrysanthemi, Erwinia rhapontic, R. larrymoorei΅ Rhizobium radiobacter , Pseudomonas savastanoi, P. s nerii , Rhodococcus fascians , Erwiniw amylovora, Pseudomonas savastanoi, Xanthomonas popoli , the most important virus diseases are : Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) , Tomato Yellow Fruit Ring Virus (TYFRV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), (IYSV) Iris yellow spot virus ), Arabis mosaic virus(ArMV 0, Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV) , Tobacco ringspot virus(TRSV), Tomato ringspot virus(ToRSV) ,Tobacco streak virus(TSV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and the most important nematode which cause losses are M. cruciani, Meloidogyn javanica , Cactodera cacti, Helicotylenchus crassatus, Paratylenchus similis, Pratylenchus penetrans, Aphelenchoides subtenuis on the ornamental plants in greenhouses and landscapes . In this projects the prevention and control of the out breaks of the above important pests and diseases of ornamental plants studied in a broad view of 10 years strategic plant with the special consideration on integrated pest management principles and the potential each province and different hosts, geographical and environmental factors and greenhouse structures, in this regards the related literature review was done at first, then the problems and limitations trees was illustrated and finally the research strategic plan for an endorsement of ten years was submitted in 5 chapters. In this strategic plan for research in ornamental plant diseases and pests the most important research projects were classified to long terms, intermediate terms and short terms projects.
Study of pistachio gummosis in Rafsanjan area Mirabolfathy, M; Ershad, D; Hedjaroude, Gh.A
Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology (Iran Islamic Republic),
(1990), Letnik:
26, Številka:
1-4
Publication
