Background: Obesity is a risk factor for developing several diseases, and although dietary pulses (nonoil seeds of legumes such as beans, lentils, chickpeas, and dry peas) are well positioned to aid ...in weight control, the effects of dietary pulses on weight loss are unclear.
Objective: We summarized and quantified the effects of dietary pulse consumption on body weight, waist circumference, and body fat by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Design: We searched the databases MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library through 11 May 2015 for randomized controlled trials of ≥3 wk of duration that compared the effects of diets containing whole dietary pulses with those of comparator diets without a dietary pulse intervention. Study quality was assessed by means of the Heyland Methodologic Quality Score, and risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Data were pooled with the use of generic inverse-variance random-effects models.
Results: Findings from 21 trials (n = 940 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled analysis showed an overall significant weight reduction of −0.34 kg (95% CI: −0.63, −0.04 kg; P = 0.03) in diets containing dietary pulses (median intake of 132 g/d or ∼1 serving/d) compared with diets without a dietary pulse intervention over a median duration of 6 wk. Significant weight loss was observed in matched negative–energy-balance (weight loss) diets (P = 0.02) and in neutral–energy-balance (weight-maintaining) diets (P = 0.03), and there was low evidence of between-study heterogeneity. Findings from 6 included trials also suggested that dietary pulse consumption may reduce body fat percentage.
Conclusions: The inclusion of dietary pulses in a diet may be a beneficial weight-loss strategy because it leads to a modest weight-loss effect even when diets are not intended to be calorically restricted. Future studies are needed to determine the effects of dietary pulses on long-term weight-loss sustainability. This protocol was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01594567.
Background:The role of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) that contain free or bound fructose in the pathogenesis of hypertension remains unclear.
Objective:We conducted a systematic review and ...meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to quantify the association between fructose-containing SSBs and risk of hypertension.
Design:MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Cochrane registry were searched from conception through 11 November 2014. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of studies (with the use of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale). Risk estimates of extreme quantiles of SSB intake (lowest compared with highest) for hypertension incidence were generated with the use of generic inverse-variance methods with random-effects models and expressed as risk ratios with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed with the Cochran Qstatistic and quantified with the I2statistic.
Results:Six prospective cohort studies (n= 240,508) with 79,251 cases of hypertension observed over ≥3,197,528 person-years of follow-up were included. SSB consumption significantly increased the risk of developing hypertension by 12% (risk ratio: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.17) with evidence of significant heterogeneity (I2= 62%, P= 0.02) when highest ≥1 serving (6.7, 8, or 12 oz)/d and lowest (none) quantiles of intake were compared. With the use of a dose-response analysis, a significant 8.2% increase in risk of every additional SSB per day from none to ≥1 SSB/d (β = 0.0027, P< 0.001) was identified. Limitations include unexplained heterogeneity and residual confounding. The results may also have been subject to collinearity effects from aspects of a Western dietary pattern.
Conclusions:SSBs were associated with a modest risk of developing hypertension in 6 cohorts. There is a need for high-quality randomized trials to assess the role of SSBs in the development of hypertension and its complications. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.govas NCT01608620.
We provide an asymptotic analysis of a nonlinear integro-differential equation describing the evolutionary dynamics of a population which reproduces sexually and which is subject to selection and ...competition. The sexual reproduction is modeled via a nonlinear integral term, known as the ''infinitesimal model''. We consider a regime of small segregational variance, where a parameter in the infinitesimal operator, which measures the deviation between the trait of the offspring and the mean parental trait, is small. We prove that, in this regime, the phenotypic distribution remains close to a Gaussian profile with a fixed small variance and we characterize the dynamics of the mean phenotypic trait via an ordinary differential equation. While similar properties were already proved for a closely related model using a Hopf-Cole transformation and perturbative analysis techniques, we provide an alternative proof which relies on a direct study of the dynamics of the moments of the phenotypic distribution and a contraction property of the Wasserstein distance.
Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Heart Disease Wong, Julia M.W; Esfahani, Amin; Singh, Natasha ...
Journal of AOAC International,
01/2012, Letnik:
95, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract
Modulation of the gut microbiota is an area of growing interest, particularly for its link to improving and maintaining the systemic health of the host. It has been suggested to have ...potential to reduce risk factors associated with chronic diseases, such as elevated cholesterol levels in coronary heart disease (CHD). Diets of our evolutionary ancestors were largely based on plant foods, high in dietary fiber and fermentable substrate, and our gut microbiota has evolved against a background of such diets. Therapeutic diets that mimic plant-based diets from the early phases of human evolution may result in drug-like cholesterol reductions. In contrast, typical Western diets low in dietary fiber and fermentable substrate, and high in saturated and trans fatty acids, are likely contributors to the increased need for pharmacological agents for cholesterol reduction. The gut microbiota of those consuming a Western diet are likely underutilized and depleted of metabolic fuels, resulting in a less than optimal gut microbial profile. As a result, this diet is mismatched to our archaic gut microbiota and, therefore, to our genome, which has changed relatively little since humans first appeared. While the exact mechanism by which the gut microbiota may modulate cholesterol levels still remains uncertain, end products of bacterial fermentation, particularly the short chain fatty acids (i.e., propionate), have been suggested as potential candidates. While more research is required to clarify the potential link between gut microbiota and CHD risk reduction, consuming a therapeutic diet rich in plant foods, dietary fiber, and fermentable substrate would be a useful strategy for improving systemic health, possibly by altering the gut microbiota.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Diets rich in fruits and vegetables (FV) have been associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, public health campaigns to increase FV intake ...have had limited success. A number of mixed concentrated FV products have been studied, which may help certain individuals improve nutrient status. However, the possible health benefits of FV supplements have not been systematically reviewed. We, therefore, undertook a systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify clinical interventions that examined the effect of commercially available concentrated mixed FV supplements on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Twenty-two reports, which used commercially available products, were identified. None of the studies reported any serious adverse effects. Overall, daily consumption of FV supplements significantly increased serum concentrations of the major antioxidant provitamins and vitamins found in plant foods (β-carotene, vitamins C and E) and folate. Functional changes, such as reduced serum homocysteine and markers of protein, lipid, and DNA oxidation, were also reported; in addition, the health advantages on markers of inflammation, immunity, and endothelial function are promising. Limitations of the available studies were related to the diversity of studies conducted with respect to design and study population and the variability in the measured outcomes and assays utilized. While mixed FV supplements may serve as an efficacious complement for individuals who have difficulty achieving their daily FV intake requirement, further research on additional retail preparations is warranted.
Key teaching points:
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Mixed fruit and vegetable supplements produced from plant foods may serve as an efficacious complement to the habitual diet in individuals who have suboptimal intake or variety of nutrient-dense fruits and vegetables.
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Current research indicates that fruit and vegetable concentrates significantly increase serum levels of antioxidant provitamins and vitamins (β-carotene, vitamins C and E) and folate and reduce homocysteine and markers of oxidative stress.
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Mechanistic studies and larger, randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trials in both healthy and high-risk populations are necessary to better understand the health effects of these supplements.
Ag/ZnO heterostructure nanocatalyst was successfully prepared. The degradation of reactive blue 49, commonly used as a textile dye, can be photocatalysed by Ag/ZnO. Photodegradation efficiency was ...small when the photolysis was carried out in the absence of Ag/ZnO. Dye solution underwent a decolourization and the reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of dyes at special wavelength. The experimental variables included amount of photocatalyst, concentration of H sub(2)O sub(2) and initial concentration of dyes. More than 90% of 100 mgl super(-1) Reactive Blue 49 decolourization in 30-minute reaction time.
This study propose that outdoor learning engaging with nature environment provide opportunities to improve academic achievement and social emotional intelligence for students; so, the features of ...landscape have influence to develop acquiring awareness in natural environment, training for sustainability and various green systems, learning in a number of subject areas such as science and Learning by smelling, feeling, tasting. Green schools support personal and social wellbeing at various students’ levels. In addition, students can learn how to work together to take responsibilities such as planting by group learning. Access to nature was supposed to develop self-confidence, responsibilities, sense of pride, cooperate, solving problems in classroom, and relationships between students and teachers. This paper describe that a good design outdoor learning engaging with nature is an important role to promote student's abilities such as academic achievement and social behaviours.
Hyperuricemia is linked to gout and features of metabolic syndrome. There is concern that dietary fructose may increase uric acid concentrations. To assess the effects of fructose on serum uric acid ...concentrations in people with and without diabetes, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for relevant trials (through August 19, 2011). Analyses included all controlled feeding trials ≥7 d investigating the effect of fructose feeding on uric acid under isocaloric conditions, where fructose was isocalorically exchanged with other carbohydrate, or hypercaloric conditions, and where a control diet was supplemented with excess energy from fructose. Data were aggregated by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as mean difference (MD) with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Q statistic and quantified by I
2
. A total of 21 trials in 425 participants met the eligibility criteria. Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrate did not affect serum uric acid in diabetic and nondiabetic participants MD = 0.56
μ
mol/L (95% CI: −6.62, 7.74), with no evidence of inter-study heterogeneity. Hypercaloric supplementation of control diets with fructose (+35% excess energy) at extreme doses (213–219 g/d) significantly increased serum uric acid compared with the control diets alone in nondiabetic participants MD = 31.0 mmol/L (95% CI: 15.4, 46.5) with no evidence of heterogeneity. Confounding from excess energy cannot be ruled out in the hypercaloric trials. These analyses do not support a uric acid-increasing effect of isocaloric fructose intake in nondiabetic and diabetic participants. Hypercaloric fructose intake may, however, increase uric acid concentrations. The effect of the interaction of energy and fructose remains unclear. Larger, well-designed trials of fructose feeding at “real world” doses are needed.
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