Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
112.
Gut microbiota, diet, and heart disease Wong, Julia M W; Esfahani, Amin; Singh, Natasha ...
Journal of AOAC International,
2012 Jan-Feb, 2012-00-00, 20120101, Letnik:
95, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Modulation of the gut microbiota is an area of growing interest, particularly for its link to improving and maintaining the systemic health of the host. It has been suggested to have potential to ...reduce risk factors associated with chronic diseases, such as elevated cholesterol levels in coronary heart disease (CHD). Diets of our evolutionary ancestors were largely based on plant foods, high in dietary fiber and fermentable substrate, and our gut microbiota has evolved against a background of such diets. Therapeutic diets that mimic plant-based diets from the early phases of human evolution may result in drug-like cholesterol reductions. In contrast, typical Western diets low in dietary fiber and fermentable substrate, and high in saturated and trans fatty acids, are likely contributors to the increased need for pharmacological agents for cholesterol reduction. The gut microbiota of those consuming a Western diet are likely underutilized and depleted of metabolic fuels, resulting in a less than optimal gut microbial profile. As a result, this diet is mismatched to our archaic gut microbiota and, therefore, to our genome, which has changed relatively little since humans first appeared. While the exact mechanism by which the gut microbiota may modulate cholesterol levels still remains uncertain, end products of bacterial fermentation, particularly the short chain fatty acids (i.e., propionate), have been suggested as potential candidates. While more research is required to clarify the potential link between gut microbiota and CHD risk reduction, consuming a therapeutic diet rich in plant foods, dietary fiber, and fermentable substrate would be a useful strategy for improving systemic health, possibly by altering the gut microbiota.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The apparently smaller LDL cholesterol (LDL-C)–lowering effect of soy in recent studies has prompted the U.S. FDA to reexamine the heart health claim previously allowed for soy products. We therefore ...attempted to estimate the intrinsic and extrinsic (displacement) potential of soy in reducing LDL-C to determine whether the heart health claim for soy continues to be justified. The intrinsic effect of soy was derived from a meta-analysis using soy studies (20–133 g/d soy protein) included in the recent AHA Soy Advisory. The extrinsic effect of soy in displacing foods higher in saturated fat and cholesterol was estimated using predictive equations for LDL-C and NHANES III population survey data with the substitution of 13–58 g/d soy protein for animal protein foods. The meta-analysis of the AHA Soy Advisory data gave a mean LDL-C reduction of 0.17 mmol/L (n = 22; P < 0.0001) or 4.3% for soy, which was confirmed in 11 studies reporting balanced macronutrient profiles. The estimated displacement value of soy (13–58 g/d) using NHANES III population survey data was a 3.6–6.0% reduction in LDL-C due to displacement of saturated fats and cholesterol from animal foods. The LDL-C reduction attributable to the combined intrinsic and extrinsic effects of soy protein foods ranged from 7.9 to 10.3%. Thus, soy remains one of a few food components that reduces serum cholesterol (>4%) when added to the diet.
Hyperuricemia is linked to gout and features of metabolic syndrome. There is concern that dietary fructose may increase uric acid concentrations. To assess the effects of fructose on serum uric acid ...concentrations in people with and without diabetes, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for relevant trials (through August 19, 2011). Analyses included all controlled feeding trials =7 d investigating the effect of fructose feeding on uric acid under isocaloric conditions, where fructose was isocalorically exchanged with other carbohydrate, or hypercaloric conditions, and where a control diet was supplemented with excess energy from fructose. Data were aggregated by the generic inverse variance method using random effects models and expressed as mean difference (MD) with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Q statistic and quantified by I2. A total of 21 trials in 425 participants met the eligibility criteria. Isocaloric exchange of fructose for other carbohydrate did not affect serum uric acid in diabetic and nondiabetic participants MD = 0.56 µmol/L (95% CI: -6.62, 7.74), with no evidence of inter-study heterogeneity. Hypercaloric supplementation of control diets with fructose (+35% excess energy) at extreme doses (213–219 g/d) significantly increased serum uric acid compared with the control diets alone in nondiabetic participants MD = 31.0 mmol/L (95% CI: 15.4, 46.5) with no evidence of heterogeneity. Confounding from excess energy cannot be ruled out in the hypercaloric trials. These analyses do not support a uric acid-increasing effect of isocaloric fructose intake in nondiabetic and diabetic participants. Hypercaloric fructose intake may, however, increase uric acid concentrations. The effect of the interaction of energy and fructose remains unclear. Larger, well-designed trials of fructose feeding at real world doses are needed.
Objectives: Although most controlled feeding trials have failed to show an adverse effect of fructose on blood pressure, concerns continue to be raised regarding the role of fructose in hypertension. ...To quantify the association between fructose-containing sugar (high-fructose corn syrup, sucrose, and fructose) intake and incident hypertension, a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies was undertaken.
Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through February 5, 2014) were searched for relevant studies. Two independent reviewers reviewed and extracted relevant data. Risk estimates were aggregated comparing the lowest (reference) quintile with highest quintile of intake using inverse variance random effect models and expressed as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Interstudy heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I
2
statistic). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessed study quality. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01608620.
Results: Eligibility criteria were met by 3 prospective cohorts (n = 37,375 men and 185,855 women) with 58,162 cases of hypertension observed over 2,502,357 person-years of follow-up. Median fructose intake was 5.7-6.0% total energy in the lowest quintile and 13.9-14.3% total energy in the highest quintile. Fructose intake was not associated with incident hypertension (RR = 1.02, 95% CI, 0.99-1.04), with no evidence of heterogeneity (I
2
= 0%, p = 0.59). Spline curve modeling showed a U-shaped relationship with a negative association at intakes ≤50th percentile (∼10% total energy) and a positive association at higher intakes.
Conclusions: Total fructose intake was not associated with an increased risk of hypertension in 3 large prospective cohorts of U.S. men and women.
Glycemic Index: Physiological Significance Esfahani, Amin; Wong, Julia M.W; Mirrahimi, Arash ...
Journal of the American College of Nutrition,
08/2009, Letnik:
28, Številka:
4
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
The glycemic index (GI) is a physiological assessment of a food's carbohydrate content through its effect on postprandial blood glucose concentrations. Evidence from trials and observational studies ...suggests that this physiological classification may have relevance to those chronic Western diseases associated with overconsumption and inactivity leading to central obesity and insulin resistance. The glycemic index classification of foods has been used as a tool to assess potential prevention and treatment strategies for diseases where glycemic control is of importance, such as diabetes. Low GI diets have also been reported to improve the serum lipid profile, reduce C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, and aid in weight control. In cross-sectional studies, low GI or glycemic load diets (mean GI multiplied by total carbohydrate) have been associated with higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), with reduced CRP concentrations, and, in cohort studies, with decreased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, some case-control and cohort studies have found positive associations between dietary GI and risk of various cancers, including those of the colon, breast, and prostate. Although inconsistencies in the current findings still need to be resolved, sufficient positive evidence, especially with respect to renewed interest in postprandial events, suggests that the glycemic index may have a role to play in the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases.
Quantum superpositions of macroscopically distinct classical states, so-called Schr\"{o}dinger cat states, are a resource for quantum metrology, quantum communication, and quantum computation. In ...particular, the superpositions of two opposite-phase coherent states in an oscillator encode a qubit protected against phase-flip errors. However, several challenges have to be overcome in order for this concept to become a practical way to encode and manipulate error-protected quantum information. The protection must be maintained by stabilizing these highly excited states and, at the same time, the system has to be compatible with fast gates on the encoded qubit and a quantum non-demolition readout of the encoded information. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a novel method for the generation and stabilization of Schr\"{o}dinger cat states based on the interplay between Kerr nonlinearity and single-mode squeezing in a superconducting microwave resonator. We show an increase in transverse relaxation time of the stabilized, error-protected qubit over the single-photon Fock-state encoding by more than one order of magnitude. We perform all single-qubit gate operations on time-scales more than sixty times faster than the shortest coherence time and demonstrate single-shot readout of the protected qubit under stabilization. Our results showcase the combination of fast quantum control with the robustness against errors intrinsic to stabilized macroscopic states and open up the possibility of using these states as resources in quantum information processing.
Dans cette thèse, nous étudions trois classes de modèles utilisés dans la littérature pour représenter les systèmes quantiques: 1 -L'équation de Schrödinger où le contrôle agit sur le système de ...façon bilinéaire; 2 -L'équation de Lindblad; 3 -Les filtres quantiques (modèles stochastiques). Les contributions de la thèse concernant l'équation de Schrödinger se répartissent en trois parties. Dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions la contrôlabilité d'un tel système. Le cas de dimension finie étant déjà bien exploré, nous traitons l'exemple d'un oscillateur harmonique quantique comme un cas typique des problèmes de dimension infinie. Parmi les résultats obtenus nous retrouvons transposée dans les termes de la théorie du contrôle, l'assertion bien connue des physiciens: ``les sources classiques de contrôle ne peuvent générer que de la lumière classique''. La question de la génération des trajectoires est abordée dans le Chapitre 2. Le contrôle en boucle ouverte du système est alors traité à l'aide des méthodes de stabilisation de Lyapounov. Ces méthodes de contrôle par feedback sont utilisées en simulation et le contrôle retrouvé est ensuite inséré en boucle ouverte dans le système physique. La convergence est étudiée dans différentes configurations et des exemples numériques tirés de la chimie quantique sont testés. Enfin dans le chapitre 3, nous étudions le problème inverse d'identification de l'Hamiltonien. Malgré le grand intérêt pratique que présente ce problème, peu de contributions ont été apportées jusqu'à maintenant. Nous étudions d'abord le problème mathématique d'identifiabilité. Une première réponse positive à cette question est apportée. Ensuite nous considérons le problème d'identification. A l'aide de méthodes numériques d'optimisation, nous proposons une première approche qui permet de résoudre ce problème inverse. Au sujet de l'équation de Lindblad, la contribution de cette thése se résume à la réduction du modèle lorsque certaines hypothèses sur les durées de vie atomiques sont vérifiées. Cette étude peut être considérée comme une première étape vers le contrôle en boucle fermée d'un ensemble statistique de systèmes quantiques. Finalement dans le chapitre 5, nous considérons les filtres quantiques. Certaines méthodes issues de la théorie des probabilités ainsi que les techniques de Lyapounov stochastiques nous permettent d'étudier la stabilisation globale de ces modéles.
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