Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) has enabled the Government of India to become a strategic purchaser of health care services from private providers. To generate base cost ...evidence for evidence-based policymaking the Costing of Health Services in India (CHSI) study was commissioned in 2018 for the price setting of health benefit packages. This paper reports the findings of a process evaluation of the cost data collection in the private hospitals.
The process evaluation of health system costing in private hospitals was an exploratory survey with mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative). We used three approaches-an online survey using a semi-structured questionnaire, in-depth interviews, and a review of monitoring data. The process of data collection was assessed in terms of time taken for different aspects, resources used, level and nature of difficulty encountered, challenges and solutions.
The mean time taken for data collection in a private hospital was 9.31 (± 1.0) person months including time for obtaining permissions, actual data collection and entry, and addressing queries for data completeness and quality. The longest time was taken to collect data on human resources (30%), while it took the least time for collecting information on building and space (5%). On a scale of 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) difficulty levels, the data on human resources was the most difficult to collect. This included data on salaries (8), time allocation (5.5) and leaves (5).
Cost data from private hospitals is crucial for mixed health systems. Developing formal mechanisms of cost accounting data and data sharing as pre-requisites for empanelment under a national insurance scheme can significantly ease the process of cost data collection.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
BACKGROUND: Janitors and housekeeping staff are an integral part of our health-care system and are also in the frontline to fight this pandemic. COVID-19 infection is a new disease which currently ...has no specific treatment and vaccine, but this disease is preventable if there is a high level of awareness. This is especially important for housekeepers as they are unable to get adequate protection unlike doctors and nurses. They also receive less importance and appreciation than other frontline workers. OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of janitors and housekeeping staff of a tertiary care hospital on COVID-19 and to find out the factors associated with KAP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational study was carried out among 214 janitors and housekeeping staff of a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0. Each response was scored, and subjects having a total score above the median score of KAP scores were said to have adequate knowledge, positive attitude, and satisfactory practice, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was done to check the association between KAP of the study population with their sociodemographic profile. RESULTS: About 53.3% of the study population had adequate knowledge, 56.1% had positive attitude, while 62.6% had satisfactory practice (≥median score). Age, posting in medicine & allied departments and surgery and allied departments were found to have statistically significant odds of inadequate knowledge. Odds of having negative attitude was found to be statistically significant in those working as security and kitchen staff and residing within the institution premises. Odds of having unsatisfactory practice was found to be statistically significant in the age group of 34 years and above and those following Islam religion. CONCLUSION: The janitors and housekeeping staff had adequate knowledge on COVID-19, and their attitude was mainly positive with satisfactory practice. However, the proportion of adequate knowledge, positive attitude, and satisfactory practice could have been higher. As the global threat of COVID-19 continues to increase, greater efforts through campaigns that target frontline workers and the wider population are urgently needed.
Background: Fever clinics were established across the country for screening of patients suggestive of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The doctors posted in these clinics were provided with ...personal protective equipment (PPE) for their protection. Improper use of these equipment may result in infection. Objectives: The objective is to assess the awareness of doctors posted at fever clinic regarding donning and doffing of PPE. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from May to June 2020 on doctors posted at the fever clinic of Sambhunath Pandit Hospital, Kolkata by census method using a predesigned, pretested structured questionnaire (Google form). Statistical analysis was done with the help of appropriate statistical software. Results: None of the doctors working in the fever clinic had adequate knowledge regarding steps of donning and doffing of PPE while 77.4% doctors did not know the correct steps of maintaining hand hygiene. Still the percentage of participants with satisfactory knowledge and satisfactory attitude regarding PPE was 84.9% and 62.3%, respectively. Conclusions: This study suggests that there is a need for active training of the study population in order to effectively protect them from COVID-19.
At the beginning of Christian era, nearly 2000 years ago, world population was estimated to be around 250 million and by the year 2014 that has been more than 7.2 billion. It is expected to reach 8 ...billion by 20251 China comes first in the list of the most populated country of the world, India comes at the second place and the United States of America gets the third place on World Population Day 2015.In the last 200 years the world population has increased sevenfold. Here's how that happened and what the results are, according to the United Nations Population Fund "This dramatic growth has been driven largely by increasing numbers of people surviving to reproductive age, and has been accompanied by major changes in fertility rates, increasing urbanization and accelerating migration. These trends will have far-reaching implications for generations to come." UNFPA 2World Population Day: World Population Day is a special event being celebrated all over the world annually on 11th of July. It was exalted by the interest of the public when the global population became five billion on 11th of July in the year 1987and first started in the year 1989 by the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme to increase the awareness of the people towards the worldwide population growth and related issues.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cyberbullying is a newer phenomenon which is becoming more prevalent among adolescent students with the use of information technology. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of ...being cyberbullied among late adolescent and to study the behavior and the attitude on cyberbullying. It was a cross-sectional study conducted on 254 school students (15-19 years). Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire, and results were analyzed using SPSS version 20. About 210 (82.7%) students were using any form of social networking site and out of which 22 (10.5%) students were cyberbullied. Among those who were cyberbullied, the majority (16 72.7%) had no opinion and more than half (15 68.2%) sought their friends' help. Cyberbullying is emerging as a newer social problem in our country, where students' lack of awareness and understanding of it results in underreporting of cyberbullying incidents.
Introduction: Injuries are not random events - they have identifiable precipitating factors, and are therefore among public health's winnable battles. Substantial data-based study can help identify ...measures to prevent the occurrence of physical injury. Our objective was to find out the injury profile of patients attending a tertiary care hospital and assess their perception toward preventability of the event in light of their causation. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on patients attending selected Outpatient and Inpatient Departments of Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, from February to March 2014. 216 patients who had suffered any form of physical injury and admitted/attending the selected departments were included in the study by complete enumeration method, after exclusion of unwilling and severely moribund patients. Pearson's Chi-square test was performed using Epi Info software version 3.2. Results: Highest proportion of physical injuries (24.07%) occurred among 30-40 years age group. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were the most common type of injury (38.8%) followed by falls (34.7%). 38.6% of the falls occurred inside victim's homes and 25.3% occurred on road. Electricity caused 55.1% burn injuries. Faulty driving attributed to 47% of the RTAs as perceived by its victims. Majority of the victims (60.2%) opined that their injuries were not preventable. Conclusion: Raising public awareness that injury is preventable to a great extent, would help in averting such incidents, and thereby reduce unnecessary injury-related morbidity and mortality.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine different domains of quality of life (QOL) and their relationship to sociodemographic characteristics among older people in an urban slum in India.
...Materials and Methods
A cross‐sectional study was conducted (n = 120). Selected individuals were interviewed, and their QOL was assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life‐BREF questionnaire. Statistical analysis was then performed.
Results
Of those included in the study population, 61.7% were men, all were Hindus, 46.7% were members of the general caste, 19.2% were illiterate, 35% were unemployed, and 72.5% lived with their joint family (i.e. extended family). Mean scores in each domain studied did not significantly differ between the sexes, age groups, castes, and family types. Subjects with more education, who were married, and with greater income had significantly better QOL scores. Mean scores were also better in certain domains among persons who had their own income and who resided with their children.
Conclusion
Having low education, being single, lacking personal income, and not living with their children significantly reduced QOL in the elderly subjects. Attention should be given to these factors to help elderly individuals age in a healthy manner.
Introduction: The study was conducted to assess the school activity of thalassemic children and to reveal the relationship between school activity with the socio-demographic factors as well as ...clinico-therapeutic profile. Methods: A total of 365 admitted thalassemic patients of Burdwan Medical College (ages 5 to 12 years) were participated in this cross sectional descriptive study conducted on from July 2011 to June 2012. Their parents were interviewed using school functioning domain of Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core Scale. Independent t test or Mann-Whitney U test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis test were applied to observe the difference between mean values in accordance to their applicability. Statistically significant factors in bivariate analysis were considered for binary logistic regression. Results: Mean score of school activity was 49.42 ± 15.30 out of 100. 49.3% thalassemic children had fair (50-74.9) school functioning score. Twenty percent of the children were presently not going to school, 11.8% never went to school and the remaining 8.2% were dropped out. Binary logistic regressions revealed that school activity worsened 4 times with the increase in frequency of blood transfusion single time per year. Patients belonging to joint family and family with no positive history of such disease, had 3.4 and 3.9 times worse school activity than nuclear family and family with positive child history respectively. Male children had 2 times more poor school activity than female. Conclusion: School functioning activity of Bengali thalassemic children is generally poor, but counselling of parents and families can improve the situation.
Purpose: The viability and functions of the corneal epithelium are dependent in large measure on the active uptake of nutrients, growth factors, and amino acids from stroma and tear. The present ...study presents the cellular distribution(s) of glutamate, the Na+-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporters (excitatory amino acid transporters; EAAT1-5), Na+-independent glutamate/cystine exchanger (Xc− antiporter) subunits (xCT light chain and 4F2hc heavy chain), glutamine synthetase (GS), and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in human corneal epithelium.
Methods: Glutamate, EAAT1-5, xCT/4F2hc, GS, and GGT immunoreactive proteins were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy. Human corneal GGT activity was quantified using a standard colorimetric assay.
Results: Glutamate, EAAT3>2>1, xCT/4F2hc, and GGT proteins were detected in the columnar and wing cells. Glutamate was reduced or absent in the EAAT negative, Xc− antiporter, and GS positive outer wing cell and flat superficial epithelial cell layers. All EAATs (EAAT3>4/5>1/2), xCT/4F2hc, GS, and GGT were detected in flat superficial epithelial cell layer.
Conclusions: The localization of glutamate, multiple EAATs, Xc− antiporter proteins, and GGT to columnar and superficial epithelial cell layers suggests uptake of glutamate and cystine from the stroma and tear and supports their importance in regulation of glutamate/cystine and glutathione (GSH; a tripeptide of glutamate, cystine, and glycine) in the human cornea epithelium. In addition, the low glutamate levels in outer wing and flat superficial epithelial cells positive for Xc− antiporter and GS are consistent with exchange of glutamate by Xc− antiporter for extracellular cystine utilized in GSH synthesis and support coupling of ammonia detoxification with glutamate degradation by GS.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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