Data are presented on the first simultaneous X-ray and optical burst to be measured in more than one optical color. Various analyses agree that, to a first approximation, the optical burst is ...produced through blackbody reprocessing of the X-ray burst, with a short delay. Depending on the technique used, the value of the delay is 2 or 3 s. The smearing of the optical signal is determined to be less than 3 s. The temperature of the optical reprocessor ranges from approximately 25,000 K at quiescence to approximately 50,000 K at burst maximum. An extinction toward the source is derived from the color-color diagram, suggesting a distance greater than or approximately equal to 2 kpc. The projected effective area of the blackbody reprocessor is approximately 5 x 10 to the 21st (D/5 kpc)-squared sq cm. The fraction of the total X-ray burst energy converted into optical energy at all wavelengths is, within an order of magnitude, approximately 3 percent. These parameters are discussed in relation to the 4 hr orbital periodicity in the system reported by Pedersen et al. (1981).
The results from Suzaku observations of the central region of the Perseus cluster are presented. Deep exposures with the X-ray Imaging Spectrometer provide high quality X-ray spectra from the ...intracluster medium. X-ray lines from helium-like Cr and Mn have been detected significantly for the first time in clusters. In addition, elemental abundances of Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, and Ni are accurately measured within 10' (or 220 kpc) from the cluster center. The relative abundance ratios are found to be within a range of 0.8-1.5 times the solar value. These abundance ratios are compared with previous measurements, those in extremely metal-poor stars in the Galaxy, and theoretical models.
Since oral steroid therapy was introduced for SLE, the long-term prognosis of the patients has been significantly improved. Adverse effects of the drug, however, are inevitable for these patients. ...The characteristic of the adverse effects especially for the child case is the suppression of linear growth. In order to prevent these undesirable effects and to improve their quality of life (QOL), we had introduced the methylprednisolone pulse therapy for SLE in children as both an initial and a relapse therapy. Although this therapy improved QOL of the patients significantly, there was little benefit for the growth disturbance. Then, we have introduced Mizoribine in addition to prednisolone (PSL) therapy for more than 18 months in three SLE children with lupus nephritis. In this trial, the combination therapy was effective for the decrease of urinary protein in one case, and for the reduction of a dosage of oral PSL in one case. In other case, MZR showed only partial immunosuppression. Thus, we concluded that there was a limitation with this combination therapy, however, it is one of the worthy therapy to be tried in SLE children with nephritis.
The application of carbon dioxide anesthesia to fish has been studied in order to find a method of transport of live fish. In the continuation of this study, the levels of arterial PaO2, PaCO2 and pH ...were examined in carp anesthetized with carbon dioxide. In the initial stage of the anesthesia, both PaO2 and PaCO2 increased. In the following stage, PaCO2 gradually decreased. An increase or decrease in PaO2 seems to depend on the levels of PaCO2 during anesthesia. On the other hand, ECG (electrocardiogram) profiles of anesthetized carp indicate that a gradual increase in `R-R interval is coupled with a gradual decline of the opercular rate.
ORIGIN is a proposal for the M3 mission call of ESA aimed at the study of metal creation from the epoch of cosmic dawn. Using high-spectral resolution in the soft X-ray band, ORIGIN will be able to ...identify the physical conditions of all abundant elements between C and Ni to red-shifts of z=10, and beyond. The mission will answer questions such as: When were the first metals created? How does the cosmic metal content evolve? Where do most of the metals reside in the Universe? What is the role of metals in structure formation and evolution? To reach out to the early Universe ORIGIN will use Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) to study their local environments in their host galaxies. This requires the capability to slew the satellite in less than a minute to the GRB location. By studying the chemical composition and properties of clusters of galaxies we can extend the range of exploration to lower redshifts (z ~ 0.2). For this task we need a high-resolution spectral imaging instrument with a large field of view. Using the same instrument, we can also study the so far only partially detected baryons in the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM). The less dense part of the WHIM will be studied using absorption lines at low redshift in the spectra for GRBs.
Introdução: Apesar de nas últimas décadas, as cirurgias dos seios paranasais e base de crânio terem apresentado grande progresso, principalmente com o advento dos novos instrumentais, visualização ...endoscópica e estudos por imagem, ainda apresentam complicações de graus variáveis. A cirurgia guiada por computador (CGC), tecnologia introduzida há poucos anos, foi idealizada para auxiliar o cirurgião na localização precisa de estruturas anatômicas durante o ato cirúrgico, proporcionando mais segurança para o paciente e para o médico. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma avaliação global da utilidade, indicações e segurança desta tecnologia, apresentando a nossa experiência com este sistema. Forma de estudo: Clínico retrospectivo. Material e Método: Foram estudados 20 pacientes portadores de doenças nasossinusais e base de crânio, submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica dos seios paranasais e base de crânio, utilizando o sistema de navegação no período de novembro de 2000 a setembro de 2001 no Centro de Otorrinolaringologia e Fonoaudiologia de São Paulo. Dos 20 pacientes operados, onze (55%) eram do sexo feminino e 9 (45%), do sexo masculino, idades entre 16 e 74 anos, sendo a idade média de 46 anos. As avaliações da utilidade, indicações e segurança, foram baseadas em critérios subjetivos e objetivos. 1. Utilidade: foi avaliada segundo a necessidade ou não do auxílio do sistema pelo cirurgião durante as cirurgias - nenhuma, pouca, moderada, muita. 2. Indicações mais importantes: baseadas nas cirurgias ou nas áreas cirúrgicas onde o cirurgião mais necessitou do sistema. 3. Segurança: avaliada pela ocorrência ou não de complicações intra e pós-operatórias. Resultados: O sistema foi utilizado em todas as cirurgias, embora não com a mesma freqüência ou necessidade. As cirurgias que tiveram maior necessidade do sistema foram as de base de crânio, poliposes revisionais com anatomia alterada e na região do recesso frontal. Não houve nenhuma complicação intra ou pós-operatória nos pacientes operados referentes ao método empregado. Conclusão: O sistema de navegação associado à cirurgia video-endoscópica mostrou-se bastante útil e seguro nas cirurgias de base de crânio e nasossinusais, mas não essencial. O sistema se mostrou particularmente útil nas doenças do recesso e seio frontal, seio esfenoidal, doenças extensas, pacientes com alterações anatômicas, cirurgias revisionais e lesões de base de crânio.
Introduction: Although the paranasal sinuses and skull base surgeries have improved dramatically in the last two decades, especially due to advances in surgical instruments, endoscopic visualization and diagnosis procedures; complications of variable degree may still occur. The image-guided system is a very modern technology developed to help the surgeon to identify critical anatomic landmarks, conceived to provide more safety to the surgical procedures. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility, the most important surgical indications, and the safety of this system, based on our experience with the image-guided system in paranasal sinuses and skull base surgeries. Study design: Clinical retrospective. Material and method: We analyzed 20 patients undergone image-guided endoscopic paranasal sinuses and skull base surgery at São Paulo ENT Center, from November 2000 up to September 2001. Eleven (55%) of all patients were female, and the other nine ones (45%) were male. The utility, indications and safety of the system were evaluated according to subjective and objective criteria. 1. Utility: based on the need of the system by the surgeon during the surgical procedure; no need, low, moderate and high. 2. Indications: were analyzed according to the surgeries or surgical areas in which the system was required most. 3. Safety: based on the occurrence or absence of intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results: The system was used in all surgeries, although its need showed to be variable in each one. It was mostly required in surgeries of the skull base, revisional cases and surgeries in which the frontal recess had to be accessed. There was no occurrence of intra or post-operative complications. Conclusion: Although not essential, the image-guided system has shown to be useful and safe during endoscopic surgery, providing specific anatomical localization, mainly in patients with extensive disease, modified anatomic landmarks, frontal recess disease, sphenoid sinus, revisional cases or skull base lesions.
Introdução: Apesar de nas últimas décadas, as cirurgias dos seios paranasais e base de crânio terem apresentado grande progresso, principalmente com o advento dos novos instrumentais, visualização ...endoscópica e estudos por imagem, ainda apresentam complicações de graus variáveis. A cirurgia guiada por computador (CGC), tecnologia introduzida há poucos anos, foi idealizada para auxiliar o cirurgião na localização precisa de estruturas anatômicas durante o ato cirúrgico, proporcionando mais segurança para o paciente e para o médico. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma avaliação global da utilidade, indicações e segurança desta tecnologia, apresentando a nossa experiência com este sistema. Forma de estudo: Clínico retrospectivo. Material e Método: Foram estudados 20 pacientes portadores de doenças nasossinusais e base de crânio, submetidos à cirurgia endoscópica dos seios paranasais e base de crânio, utilizando o sistema de navegação no período de novembro de 2000 a setembro de 2001 no Centro de Otorrinolaringologia e Fonoaudiologia de São Paulo. Dos 20 pacientes operados, onze (55%) eram do sexo feminino e 9 (45%), do sexo masculino, idades entre 16 e 74 anos, sendo a idade média de 46 anos. As avaliações da utilidade, indicações e segurança, foram baseadas em critérios subjetivos e objetivos. 1. Utilidade: foi avaliada segundo a necessidade ou não do auxílio do sistema pelo cirurgião durante as cirurgias - nenhuma, pouca, moderada, muita. 2. Indicações mais importantes: baseadas nas cirurgias ou nas áreas cirúrgicas onde o cirurgião mais necessitou do sistema. 3. Segurança: avaliada pela ocorrência ou não de complicações intra e pós-operatórias. Resultados: O sistema foi utilizado em todas as cirurgias, embora não com a mesma freqüência ou necessidade. As cirurgias que tiveram maior necessidade do sistema foram as de base de crânio, poliposes revisionais com anatomia alterada e na região do recesso frontal. Não houve nenhuma complicação intra ou pós-operatória nos pacientes operados referentes ao método empregado. Conclusão: O sistema de navegação associado à cirurgia video-endoscópica mostrou-se bastante útil e seguro nas cirurgias de base de crânio e nasossinusais, mas não essencial. O sistema se mostrou particularmente útil nas doenças do recesso e seio frontal, seio esfenoidal, doenças extensas, pacientes com alterações anatômicas, cirurgias revisionais e lesões de base de crânio.
A new type of spherical silicon solar cells having semi-concentration reflector system is proposed. A series of computer experiment in this new solar cell has been made on modeling, optimum design, ...and performance characterization. In this report, the simulation of spherical silicon solar cell including the concentration light with the concentration mirror is shown. The short circuit current density (Jsc) shows the highest value when the concentration light enters the top of the side part. The concentration light, except on a contact part, offer a higher Jsc than that with uniform light. The open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) is improved by concentrating the light near the contact, and it is improved the concentration quantity is increased the concentration mirror, because The excessive amount of electrons generated by concentration light causes the accumulation of electrons at the top of the side part. The potential difference is induced by the concentration light at the top of the side part, i.e., the distribution of potential is not uniform. As the result of simulation, the conversation efficiency entered the uniform light on side part is 17.3%, and the conversation efficiency to entered the 19.2 times concentrated light near the contact on side part is 18.8%.
Divergent perceptions of shoreline & water quality among landowners of the Adirondack region of northeastern NY are examined, in part, by investigating the ties between shoreline quality & land use ...regulations in that region. The social influences behind residents' perceptions are fit into three groupings: personal background, community characteristics, & public activities affecting shoreline quality maintenance. The relative effects of these influences are assessed through correlation, regression, & multidimensional scaling methods on a random sample of 713 property owners. Government policies, especially land use regulations, are shown to be a major influence on perceived shoreline quality, after controlling for community & personal background.
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