Summary Objective To investigate the effect of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), on joint inflammation and cartilage degeneration in a collagen antibody-induced ...arthritis (CAIA) mouse model. Methods CAIA mice were given daily subcutaneous injections of various concentrations of TSA (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) and various parameters were monitored for 14 days. On Day 15, the hind paws were examined histologically. To investigate the effects of TSA on the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1), and acetyl-H4 by chondrocytes, another group of mice was sacrificed on Day 6. In vitro direct effect of TSA was examined by real-time PCR for mRNA of type II collagen, aggrecan, MMP-3, and MMP-13 in murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cells after pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation. Results In the TSA-treated group, clinical arthritis was significantly ameliorated in a dose-dependent manner. The severity of synovial inflammation and the cartilage destruction score were significantly lower in the TSA 2.0 mg/kg group compared to the other TSA-treated groups. On immunohistochemistry, the number of MMP-3 and MMP-13-positive chondrocytes was significantly lower in the TSA 2.0 mg/kg group than in the control group. In contrast, the number of TIMP-1-positive cells and acetyl-histone H4-positive cells was significantly higher in the TSA 2.0 mg/kg group than in the control group. TSA suppressed interleukin 1-β and tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated up-regulation of MMP-3, but not MMP-13 mRNA expression by ATDC5. Conclusion The systemic administration of TSA ameliorated synovial inflammation in CAIA mice. Subsequently cartilage destruction was also suppressed by TSA, at least in part, by modulating chondrocyte gene expression.
A medial meniscus posterior root tear (MMPRT) is defined as an injury to the posterior meniscal insertion on the tibia. In MMPRT, the medial meniscus (MM) hoop function is damaged, and the MM ...undergoes a medial extrusion into the interior from the superior articular surface of the tibia. However, the details of MM position and movement during knee joint movement are unclear in MMPRT cases. The present study aims to evaluate MM position and movement via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the MM posterior extrusion (MMPE) at knee flexion angles of 10° and 90°. We hypothesized that, during knee flexion, the MM will shift to the posterior and the posterior extrusion will increase compared to that when the knee is extended.
Twenty-four patients were diagnosed with symptomatic MMPRT on open MRI examination. Preoperative MMPE, anteroposterior interval (API) of the MM, and MM medial extrusion (MMME) at knee flexion angles of 10° and 90° were measured.
For patients with MMPRT, the MMPE increased from −4.77±1.43mm to 3.79±1.17mm (p<0.001) when the knee flexion angle increased from 10° to 90°. Further, flexing the knee from 10° to 90° decreased the API of the MM from 20.19±4.22mm to 16.41±5.14mm (p<0.001). MMME showed no significant change between knee flexion angles of 10° and 90°.
This study demonstrated that, in cases of MMPRT, the MMPE clearly increases when the knee is flexed to 90°, while MMME does not change. Our results suggest that open MRI examination can be used to evaluate the dynamic position of the posterior MM by scanning the knee as it flexes to 90°.
IV: retrospective cohort study.
Abstract A medial meniscus posterior root tear (MMPRT) may increase the tibiofemoral contact pressure by decreasing the tibiofemoral contact area. Meniscal dysfunction induced by posterior root ...injury may lead to the development of osteoarthritic knees. Repair of a MMPRT can restore medial meniscus (MM) function and prevent knee osteoarthritis progression. Several surgical procedures have been reported for treating a MMPRT. However, these procedures are associated with several technical difficulties. Here, we describe a technique to stabilize a torn MM posterior root using the FasT-Fix® all-inside meniscal suture device and a new aiming device. The uncut free-end of the FasT-Fix® suture can be used as a thread for transtibial pullout repair. Our procedure might help overcome the technical difficulties in arthroscopic treatment of a MMPRT.
Detailed demographics play an important role in the development of smart cities. However, especially in developing countries, the maintenance and management of this data is incomplete, which hinders ...the promotion of smart cities. The objective of this study is to develop a method to create detailed building distribution maps from satellite images, which will serve as a basis for developing detailed demographic data to support the promotion of smart cities around the world. The target area is several areas of Tokyo where validation data is available. We first developed a method for extracting buildings from satellite images and then estimating the building use to determine the buildings where residents are distributed. Both methods use deep learning. As a result, it was possible to extract buildings with an extraction rate (the number of buildings in the automatically extracted building data divided by the number of buildings in the data for verification) of up to 60.3% for the entire target area. In addition, in the estimation of building use, our method was able to classify detached and non-detached buildings with an average accuracy of 78.7% for the entire target area.
ABSTRACT
Changes in net photosynthetic rate on a leaf area basis and anatomical properties during leaf development were studied in an evergreen broad‐leaved tree, Castanopsis sieboldii and an annual ...herb, Phaseolus vulgaris. In C. sieboldii, surface area of mesophyll cells facing the intercellular air spaces on a leaf area basis (Smes) was already considerable at the time of full leaf area expansion (FLE). However, surface area of chloroplasts facing the intercellular air spaces on a leaf area basis (Sc), and chlorophyll and Rubisco contents on a leaf area basis increased to attain their maximal values 15–40 d after FLE. In contrast, in P. vulgaris, chloroplast number on a leaf area basis, Sc and Smes at 10 d before FLE were two to three times greater than the steady‐state levels attained at around FLE. In C. sieboldii, the internal CO2 transfer conductance (gi) slightly increased for 10 d after FLE but then decreased toward the later stages. Limitation of photosynthesis by gi was only about 10% at FLE, but then increased to about 30% at around 40 d after FLE. The large limitation after FLE by gi was probably due to the decrease in CO2 concentration in the chloroplast caused by the increases in thickness of mesophyll cell walls and in Rubisco content per chloroplast surface area. These results clearly showed that: (1) in C. sieboldii, chloroplast development proceeded more slowly than mesophyll cell expansion and continued well after FLE, whereas in P. vulgaris these processes proceeded synchronously and were completed by FLE; (2) after FLE, photosynthesis in leaves of C. sieboldii was markedly limited by gi. From these results, it is suggested that, in the evergreen broad‐leaved trees, mechanical protection of mesophyll cells has priority over the efficient CO2 transfer and quick construction of the chloroplasts.
Abstract Introduction Injuries to the medial meniscus (MM) posterior root lead to accelerated cartilage degeneration of the knee. An anatomic placement of the MM posterior root attachment is ...considered to be critical in transtibial pullout repair of the medial meniscus posterior root tear (MMPRT). However, tibial tunnel creation at the anatomic attachment of the MM posterior root is technically difficult using a conventional aiming device. The aim of this study was to compare two aiming guides. We hypothesized that a newly-developed guide, specifically designed, creates the tibial tunnel at an adequate position rather than a conventional device. Materials and methods Twenty-six patients underwent transtibial pullout repairs. Tibial tunnel creation was performed using the Multi-use guide (8 cases) or the PRT guide that had a narrow twisting/curving shape (18 cases). Three-dimensional computed tomography images of the tibial surface were evaluated using the Tsukada's measurement method postoperatively. Expected anatomic center of the MM posterior root attachment and tibial tunnel center were evaluated using the percentage-based posterolateral location on the tibial surface. Percentage distance between anatomic center and tunnel center was calculated. Results Anatomic center of the MM posterior root footprint located at a position of 78.5% posterior and 39.4% lateral. Both tunnels were anteromedial but tibial tunnel center located at a more favorable position in the PRT group: percentage distance was significantly smaller in the PRT guide group (8.7%) than in the Multi-use guide group (13.1%). Discussion The PRT guide may have great advantage to achieve a more anatomic location of the tibial tunnel in MMPRT pullout repair. Level of evidence III.
1. The influence of leaf thickness on internal conductance for CO2 transfer from substomatal cavity to chloroplast stroma (gi) and carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of leaf dry matter was investigated for ...some evergreen tree species from Japanese temperate forests. gi was estimated based on the combined measurements of gas exchange and concurrent carbon isotope discrimination. 2. Leaves with thicker mesophyll tended to have larger leaf dry mass per area (LMA), larger surface area of mesophyll cells exposed to intercellular air spaces per unit leaf area (Smes) and smaller volume ratio of intercellular spaces to the whole mesophyll (mesophyll porosity). 3. gi of these leaves was correlated positively to Smes but negatively to mesophyll porosity. The variation in gi among these species would be therefore primarily determined by variation of the conductance in liquid phase rather than that in gas phase. 4. δ13C was positively correlated to mesophyll thickness and leaf nitrogen content on an area basis. However, gi values did not correlate to δ13C. These results suggest that difference in δ13C among the species was not caused by the variation in gi, but mainly by the difference in long-term photosynthetic capacity. 5. Comparison of our results with those of previous studies showed that the correlation between leaf thickness and gi differed depending on leaf functional types (evergreen, deciduous or annual). Differences in leaf properties among these functional types were discussed.
Human mobility analysis on large-scale mobility data has contributed to multiple applications such as urban and transportation planning, disaster preparation and response, tourism, and public health. ...However, when some unusual events happen, every individual behaves differently depending on their personal routine and background information. To improve the accuracy of the crowd behavior prediction model, understanding supplemental spatiotemporal topics, such as when, where and what people observe and are interested in, is important. In this research, we develop a model integrating social network service (SNS) data into the human mobility prediction model as background information of the mobility. We employ multi-modal deep learning models using Long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture to incorporate SNS data to a human mobility prediction model based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. We process anonymized interpolated GNSS trajectories from mobile phones into mobility sequence with discretized grid IDs, and apply several topic modeling methods on geo-tagged data to extract spatiotemporal topic features in each spatiotemporal unit similar to the mobility data. Thereafter, we integrate the two datasets in the multi-modal deep learning prediction models to predict city-scale mobility. The experiment proves that the models with SNS topics performed better than baseline models.
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