Background
The types of shape feature that constitutes a face have not been comprehensively established, and most previous studies of age‐related changes in facial shape have focused on individual ...characteristics, such as wrinkle, sagging skin, etc. In this study, we quantitatively measured differences in face shape between individuals and investigated how shape features changed with age.
Methods
We analyzed three‐dimensionally the faces of 280 Japanese women aged 20‐69 years and used principal component analysis to establish the shape features that characterized individual differences. We also evaluated the relationships between each feature and age, clarifying the shape features characteristic of different age groups.
Results
Changes in facial shape in middle age were a decreased volume of the upper face and increased volume of the whole cheeks and around the chin. Changes in older people were an increased volume of the lower cheeks and around the chin, sagging skin, and jaw distortion.
Conclusion
Principal component analysis was effective for identifying facial shape features that represent individual and age‐related differences. This method allowed straightforward measurements, such as the increase or decrease in cheeks caused by soft tissue changes or skeletal‐based changes to the forehead or jaw, simply by acquiring three‐dimensional facial images.
Abstract
Scintillation detector is widely used for the particle detection in the field of particle physics.
Particle detectors containing fluorine-19 (
1
9F) are known to have advantages for Weakly ...Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) dark matter search, especially for spin-dependent interactions with WIMPs due to its spin structure.
In this study, the scintillation properties of carbontetrafluoride (CF
4
) gas at low temperature were evaluated because its temperature dependence of light yield has not been measured.
We evaluated the light yield by cooling the gas from room temperature (300 K) to 263 K.
As a result, the light yield of CF
4
was found to increase by (41.0 ± 4.0
stat.
± 6.6
syst.
)% and the energy resolution was also found to improve at low temperature.
Background/Purpose
Despite recent progress in non‐invasive measurement methods, such as in vivo laser confocal microscopy (CLSM), it is difficult to quantitatively measure age‐related changes in ...dermal fibrous structures in the face using these methods and qualitative characteristics. We used characteristics extracted from the analysis of CLSM images to quantitatively investigate the effects of aging on dermal fibrous structures in the face.
Methods
CLSM images of dermal fibrous structures were obtained from 90 Japanese females, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years. The feature values of CLSM images were extracted using image analysis methods, such as short‐line segment‐matching processing and spatial frequency analysis. The qualitative characteristics of the dermal fibrous structures in the CLSM images were obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) of these feature values. The fibrous structures were scored on the basis of qualitative characteristics and then age‐related changes in the scores among the subjects were quantitatively evaluated.
Results and Conclusion
The PCA results showed that there were two characteristics in the images of fibrous structures: clearness and directionality. The clearness of fibrous structures decreased and directionality isotropy increased with age.
Background/purpose
The skin contains an undulating structure called the dermal papillary structure between the border of the epidermis and dermis. The physiological importance of the dermal papillary ...structures has been discussed, however, the dermal papillary structures have never been evaluated for their contribution to skin appearance. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the dermal papillary structure and skin color and elasticity. In addition, the relationship was validated with skin model experiments.
Methods
The dermal papillary structures in the skin of the female cheek were quantitatively measured by in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy images. In addition, the skin color and elasticity were measured at the same site. A skin model with dermal papilla‐like structures was created by referring to the optical and shape properties of the skin using agar gel and a scattering sheet.
Results
Correlations were found between the dermal papillary structures and skin color irregularity and skin elasticity. These relationships were verified by the experiments employing a skin model.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that the dermal papillary structure is also an important factor for skin appearance such as color and elasticity.
Background
Sagging skin is one of the most concerning esthetic issues for elderly individuals. Although reduced skin elasticity has been reported as the cause of sagging skin, a loss of skin ...elasticity alone is insufficient to explain sagging facial skin. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying sagging skin, with a focus on the subcutaneous network of collagenous fibers known as the retinacula cutis (RC).
Methods
To evaluate the structure of the RC noninvasively, tomographic images of the face were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The RC was identified by comparing MRI results with histological specimens of human skin. A descriptive scale was used to evaluate the degree of sagging, and a device equipped with a 6‐mm‐diameter probe was used to measure the elasticity of deeper skin layers and evaluate the physical properties of the skin.
Results
The density of RC in subcutaneous tissue correlated negatively with sagging scores and positively with elasticity.
Conclusion
These results imply that a sparse RC structure contributes to a reduction in the elasticity of subcutaneous tissue, resulting in a greater degree of sagging facial skin. These findings are expected to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying sagging skin.
Highlights ► p38MAPK is activated in C- and Aδ-fiber neurons after the plantar incision. ► Inhibition of p38MAPK attenuates incision-induced pain hypersensitivity. ► TNF-α involves in the activation ...of p38MAPK in the DRG after the incision.
The energy calibration system for CANDLES using (n,γ) reaction Iida, T.; Mizukoshi, K.; Ohata, T. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
01/2021, Letnik:
986
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Calcium fluoride for the study of Neutrinos and Dark matters by Low-energy Spectrometer (CANDLES) searches for neutrino-less double-beta decay of 48Ca using a CaF2 scintillator array. A high Q-value ...of 48Ca at 4268 keV enabled us to achieve low background, however, at the same time it causes difficulties in calibrating the detector’s Q-value region because of the absence of a standard high-energy γ-ray source. Therefore, we have developed a novel calibration system based on γ-ray emission by neutron capture on 28Si, 56Fe, and 58Ni nuclei. In this paper, we report the development of the new calibration system as well as the results of energy calibration in CANDLES up to 9 MeV.
We have studied the neutrino-less double beta decay(0νββ) of 48Ca with the CANDLES III system, which consists of CaF2(pure) scintillators. Rejection analyses for background events from radioactive ...contaminations in the CaF2(pure) scintillators were effective to reduce backgrounds in Qββ-value region. As the results, no events were observed in the region for the data of 131 days × 86 kg. It gave a lower limit 6.2 × 1022 year (90 % C.L.) for the half-life of 0νββ of 48Ca. For higher sensitive measurement of 48Ca 0νββ, we have developed new techniques for 48Ca enrichment and CaF2 scintillating bolometer. In this paper, we will also show current status of these techniques.
Background/purpose
In the past, it has been possible to measure the dermal papilla structures which are undulations between the epidermis and dermis by noninvasive method. However, almost all of ...previous studies were not intended to measure facial skin but another site of body. Here, we investigated age‐dependent alterations for dermal papilla structures in the facial cheek region after elucidating the difference of characteristics between the body site.
Methods
The surface of the dermis was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) using face and abdominal skin biopsy samples. A total of 90 Japanese women were investigated by in vivo confocal laser microscope (CLSM). The number and the shape in the horizontal cross‐sectional images of the dermal papilla were analyzed.
Results
The facial skin had different characteristics in comparison to the abdominal skin by SEM observation. Under CLSM observation, we found abnormal dermal papilla structures which were accompanied by spots or enlarged pore areas and eliminated these structures from our analysis. We revealed a decrease in the number of normal dermal papilla structures with age and large individual differences at younger ages.
Conclusion
We found abnormal dermal papilla structures and differences in the dermal papilla structures between face and other body site. With these taken into consideration, we could precisely investigate the aging alteration of normal dermal papilla structures in the face.
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